Wikipedia

Keelung

"Jilong" redirects here. For other uses, see Jilong (disambiguation).
For the city located in Victoria, Australia, see Geelong.

Keelung (/kiːˈlʊŋ/ kee-LUUNG;[3] Chinese: 基隆; pinyin: Jīlóng; Hokkien: Ke-lâng), Chilung or Jilong (/dʒiːˈlʊŋ/ jee-LUUNG;[3] ), officially known as Keelung City, is a major port city in northeastern Taiwan. The city is part of the Taipei–Keelung metropolitan area with neighboring New Taipei City and Taipei. Nicknamed the Rainy Port for its frequent rain and maritime role, the city is Taiwan's second largest seaport (after Kaohsiung), and was the world's 7th largest port in 1984.

Keelung
基隆市
Jilong, Ke-lung, Chilung
City
Keelung City
Skyline of Keelung
Keelung Outer Harbor and Keelung Islet
Flag of Keelung
Flag
Official seal of Keelung
Logo
Nickname: 
The Rainy Port (雨港)
Location in Taiwan
Location in Taiwan
Coordinates: 25°08′N 121°44′E / 25.133°N 121.733°E / 25.133; 121.733
Country Republic of China (Taiwan)
Province Taiwan Province (streamlined)
RegionNorthern Taiwan
Districts7[1]
Founded as La Santisima Trinidad1626
Part of Taihoku Prefecture17 April 1895
Provincial city status11 November 1945
City seatZhongzheng District
Government
 • Body
 • MayorGeorge Hsieh (KMT)
Area
 • Total
132.7589 km2 (51.2585 sq mi)
 • Rank18 of 22
Population
 (October 2023)[2]
 • Total
362,487
 • Rank16 of 22
 • Density2,700/km2 (7,100/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+8 (National Standard Time)
Postal code
200–206
Area code(0)32
ISO 3166 codeTW-KEE
– BirdEagle
– FlowerCommon crepe myrtle
– TreeFormosan Sweet-gum
EnglishKeelung/KLC
Chinese基隆/基市
Websitewww.klcg.gov.tw/en/Default/Index Edit this at Wikidata
Keelung City
Chinese name
Chinese基隆市
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinJīlóng Shì
Bopomofoㄐㄧ   ㄌㄨㄥˊ   ㄕˋ
Gwoyeu RomatzyhJilong Shyh
Wade–GilesChi1-lung2 Shih4
Tongyong PinyinJilóng Shìh
Yale RomanizationJīlúng Shr̀
MPS2Jīlúng Shr̀
IPA[tɕí.lʊ̌ŋ ʂɻ̩̂]
Hakka
Pha̍k-fa-sṳKî-lùng-sṳ
Yue: Cantonese
Jyutpinggei1 lung4 si5
IPA[kej˥ lʊŋ˩ si˩˧]
Southern Min
Hokkien POJKe-lâng-chhī
Tâi-lôKe-lâng-tshī
Taiwanese Hokkien Name
Traditional Chinese雞籠市
Simplified Chinese鸡笼市
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinJīlóng Shì
Yue: Cantonese
Jyutpinggaai1 lung4 si5
IPA[kaj˥ lʊŋ˩ si˩˧]
Southern Min
Hokkien POJKe-lâng-chhī/Koe-lâng-chhī
Japanese name
Kanji基隆市
Kanaキールンし
Hiraganaきーるんし
Katakanaキールンシ
Transcriptions
Revised HepburnKīrun-shi
Kunrei-shikiKîrun-si
Above: Panoramic view of central Keelung and Keelung Port Second left: Main gate of Chung Cheng Park Second right: Start of Sun Yat-sen Freeway Third left: North coast of Keelung Third right: Keelung Port Bottom left: A windmill wind squid (Loliginidae) in the center Right: Keelung Island

In 1626, the Spanish established Fort San Salvador at present-day Keelung, an area inhabited by Taiwanese indigenous peoples. Control of the area eventually passed to the Qing dynasty. Fighting between China and Europeans around Keelung occurred in the 19th century during the First Opium War and the Sino-French War. The island of Taiwan was ceded to the Empire of Japan in 1895 after the First Sino-Japanese War; under Japanese rule the city was called Kirun. Keelung became part of Taiwan Province under the Republic of China after 1945. Administratively, the city became a first-level subdivision in 2018 after the provincial government was abolished.

Name

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According to early Chinese accounts, this northern coastal area was originally called Pak-kang (Chinese: 北港; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Pak-káng).[4] By the early 20th century, the city was known to the Western world as Kelung,[5] as well as the variants Kiloung, Kilang and Keelung.[6] In his 1903 general history of Taiwan, US Consul to Formosa (1898–1904) James W. Davidson related that "Kelung" was among the few well-known names, thus warranting no alternate Japanese romanization.[7]

However, the Taiwanese people have long called the city Kelang (Chinese: 雞籠; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Ke-lâng/Koe-lâng; lit. '“rooster cage', 'hencoop” or “chicken coop”'[8]). While it has been proposed that this name was derived from the local mountain that took the shape of a rooster cage, it is more likely that the name was derived from the first inhabitants of the region, as are the names of many other Taiwanese cities. In this case, the Ketagalan people were the first inhabitants, and early Han settlers probably approximated "Ketagalan" with Ke-lâng (Ketagalan: ke-, "domain marker prefix" + Taiwanese Hokkien Chinese: 儂 / 人; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lâng; lit. 'person'), the noun root being replaced with the common Taiwanese Hokkien term for people, while the domain marker circumfix "ke- -an" being reduced to just the prefix.

In 1875, during the late Qing era, a new official name was given (Chinese: 基隆; pinyin: Jīlóng; lit. 'base prosperous').[9] In Mandarin, probably the working language of Chinese government at the time, both the old and new names were likely pronounced Gīlóng (hence "Keelung").

Under Japanese rule (1895–1945), the city was also known to the west by the Japanese romanization Kīrun (also written as Kiirun[10]).

In Taiwanese Hokkien, the native language of the area, the city is called Ke-lâng. In Hanyu Pinyin, a system created for Mandarin Chinese in Mainland China, the name of Keelung is written as Jīlóng (the shift from initial K to J is a recent development in the Beijing dialect, see Old Mandarin).[11][12]

History

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Early history

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1626 Map of Keelung under Spanish Formosa
 
Taiwanese natives in Keelung under Spanish Formosa

Keelung was first inhabited by the Ketagalan, a tribe of Taiwanese aborigine. The Spanish expedition to Formosa in the early 17th century was its first contact with the West; by 1624 the Spanish had built San Salvador de Quelung, a fort in Keelung serving as an outpost of the Manila-based Spanish East Indies.[13] The Spanish ruled it as a part of Spanish Formosa. Besides the native Taiwanese aborigines, the Spanish authorities from Spanish Manila settled North Taiwan (especially Keelung and Tamsui) with a mixture of Sangley Chinese (primarily Fujianese traders), Christian Japanese, native Filipinos (e.g. Kapampangan, Tagalogs, etc.) as merchants and laborers,[14] and some Mexican Mestizos, Mulattos, Blacks, Mexican Amerindians as soldiers and laborers and a few Spanish Filipinos from Spanish Philippines and rarely Mexican Criollo Spaniards from New Spain (Mexico) as Catholic friar missionaries and colonial leaders, with the Latin Americans from New Spain (Mexico) brought over to North Taiwan from Manila through the Manila-Acapulco Galleons.[15] From 1642 to 1661 and 1663–1668, Keelung was under Dutch control.[16][17] The Dutch East India Company took over the Spanish Fort San Salvador at Santissima Trinidad. They reduced its size and renamed it Fort Noort-Hollant.[17] The Dutch had three more minor fortifications in Keelung and also a little school and a preacher.

When Ming dynasty loyalist Koxinga successfully attacked the Dutch in southern Taiwan (Siege of Fort Zeelandia), the crew of the Keelung forts fled to the Dutch trading post in Japan. The Dutch came back in 1663 and re-occupied and strengthened their earlier forts. However, trade with Qing China through Keelung was not what they hoped it would be and, in 1668, they left after getting harassed by aboriginals.[18]

Qing dynasty

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Map of Keelung in 1856

First Opium War

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Main articles: First Opium War and Nerbudda incident

During the First Opium War, the British merchant ship Nerbudda shipwrecked near the port of Keelung due to a typhoon in September 1841. Several months later, another British merchantman, the brig Ann, also shipwrecked near Keelung on March 1842. Hundreds of survivors from both ships were captured by Chinese authorities and transferred to Taiwan. Two senior Chinese officials, Dahonga and Yao Ying, filed a false report to the Daoguang Emperor, claiming to have beaten off a British attack against Keelung. In October 1841, the Royal Navy sloop HMS Nimrod sailed to Keelung to search for survivors of Nerbudda, but after they found out the Chinese sent them south for imprisonment, Nimrod bombarded the city's port, destroying 27 cannon before returning to British Hong Kong. Most of the survivors—over 130 from the Nerbudda and 54 from the Ann—were summarily executed by the Chinese in August 1842.[19][20]

In 1863, the Qing Empire opened up Keelung as a trading port and the city enjoyed rapid development due to the abundant commodities such as placer gold and high quality coal found in the drainage area of Keelung River. In 1875, Taipeh Prefecture was created and included Keelung. In 1878, Keelung was formed into a ting or sub-prefecture.[21] Around the same time, the name was changed from Ke-lang (雞籠廳) to Kilong (基隆廳), which means "rich and prosperous land".[9]

The city suffered serious damage and lost hundreds of inhabitants during an earthquake and tsunami in 1867. The earthquake had an estimated magnitude of 7.0 and was caused by movement on a nearby fault.[22]

Sino-French War

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Main articles: Sino-French War and Keelung Campaign
 
French forces landed at Keelung on 1 October 1884.

During the Sino-French War (1884–85), the French attempted an invasion of Taiwan during the Keelung Campaign. Liu Mingchuan, who led the defence of Taiwan, recruited Aboriginals to serve alongside the Chinese soldiers in fighting against the French of Colonel Jacques Duchesne's Formosa Expeditionary Corps. The French were defeated at the Battle of Tamsui and the Qing forces pinned the French down at Keelung in an eight-month-long campaign before the French withdrew.[23][verification needed]

Empire of Japan

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A systematic city development started during the Japanese Era, after the 1895 Treaty of Shimonoseki, which handed all Taiwan over to Japan. A five-phase construction of Keelung Harbor was initiated, and in by 1916 trade volume had exceeded even those of Tamsui and Kaohsiung Harbors to become one of the major commercial harbors of Taiwan.[24]

Keelung was governed as Kīrun town (基隆街), Kīrun District, Taihoku Prefecture in 1920 and was upgraded to a city in 1924.[24] The Pacific War broke out in 1941, and Keelung became one of the first targets of Allied bombers and was nearly destroyed as a result.[24][25]

Republic of China

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After the handover of Taiwan from Japan to the Republic of China in October 1945, Keelung was established as a provincial city of Taiwan Province. The Keelung City Government worked with the harbor bureau to rebuild the city and the harbor and by 1984, the harbor became the 7th largest container harbor in the world.[26] The city became directly governed by the Executive Yuan after Taiwan Province was streamlined in 1998 and became a de facto first level division in 2018 following the dissolution of the Taiwan Provincial Government.

Geography

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Map of Keelung (labeled as CHI-LUNG-SHIH (KIIRUN-SHI) 基隆市) area (1950)
 
Map of Keelung (labeled as CHI-LUNG SHIH (KIIRUN SHI) 基隆市) and vicinity (1950s)

Keelung City is located in the northern part of Taiwan Island. It occupies an area of 132.76 km2 (51.26 sq mi) and is separated from its neighboring county by mountains in the east, west and south. The northern part of the city faces the ocean and is a great deep water harbor since early times.[27] Keelung also administers the nearby Keelung Islet as well as the more distant and strategically important Pengjia Islet, Mianhua Islet and Huaping Islet.[28][29]

Climate

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Keelung has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) with a yearly rainfall average upwards of 3,700 millimetres (146 in). It has long been noted as one of the wettest and gloomiest cities in the world; the effect is related to the Kuroshio Current.[30] Although it is one of the coolest cities of Taiwan, winters are still short and warm, whilst summers are long, relatively dry and hot, temperatures can peek above 26 °C during a warm winter day, while it can dip below 27 °C during a rainy summer day, much like the rest of northern Taiwan. However its location on northern mountain slopes means that due to orographic lift, rainfall is heavier during fall and winter, the latter during which a northeasterly flow prevails. During summer, southwesterly winds dominate and thus there is a slight rain shadow effect. Fog is most serious during winter and spring, when relative humidity levels are also highest.

Climate data for Keelung (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1946–present）
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 32.1
(89.8) 		31.2
(88.2) 		33.0
(91.4) 		35.2
(95.4) 		37.3
(99.1) 		37.6
(99.7) 		38.8
(101.8) 		38.5
(101.3) 		37.0
(98.6) 		34.3
(93.7) 		32.4
(90.3) 		30.0
(86.0) 		38.8
(101.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 18.4
(65.1) 		19.1
(66.4) 		21.0
(69.8) 		24.7
(76.5) 		28.0
(82.4) 		31.2
(88.2) 		33.3
(91.9) 		32.5
(90.5) 		29.8
(85.6) 		26.1
(79.0) 		23.6
(74.5) 		20.1
(68.2) 		25.7
(78.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) 16.1
(61.0) 		16.4
(61.5) 		18.1
(64.6) 		21.6
(70.9) 		24.8
(76.6) 		27.6
(81.7) 		29.5
(85.1) 		29.1
(84.4) 		27.2
(81.0) 		24.2
(75.6) 		21.5
(70.7) 		18.0
(64.4) 		22.8
(73.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 14.2
(57.6) 		14.3
(57.7) 		15.7
(60.3) 		19.0
(66.2) 		22.3
(72.1) 		25.0
(77.0) 		26.7
(80.1) 		26.5
(79.7) 		25.0
(77.0) 		22.4
(72.3) 		19.6
(67.3) 		16.1
(61.0) 		20.6
(69.0)
Record low °C (°F) 3.9
(39.0) 		5.6
(42.1) 		3.9
(39.0) 		9.2
(48.6) 		13.9
(57.0) 		16.7
(62.1) 		21.4
(70.5) 		20.1
(68.2) 		17.1
(62.8) 		12.2
(54.0) 		9.7
(49.5) 		4.6
(40.3) 		3.9
(39.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 327.8
(12.91) 		349.8
(13.77) 		274.4
(10.80) 		211.0
(8.31) 		284.1
(11.19) 		290.4
(11.43) 		119.5
(4.70) 		211.4
(8.32) 		390.1
(15.36) 		377.6
(14.87) 		396.9
(15.63) 		356.6
(14.04) 		3,589.6
(141.33)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 19.6 17.9 18.7 16.0 16.1 14.8 8.5 11.6 15.2 17.1 18.6 19.5 193.6
Average relative humidity (%) 78.5 79.5 79.0 77.4 77.4 76.9 71.9 73.6 75.3 75.6 77.1 76.6 76.6
Mean monthly sunshine hours 52.6 57.9 80.6 91.2 111.9 138.4 229.2 208.2 147.4 85.7 65.3 48.5 1,316.9
Source: Central Weather Bureau[31][32][33][34][35]

Administration

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Main article: Keelung City Government
 
Keelung City Hall in Zhongzheng District
 
George Hsieh, the incumbent Mayor of Keelung City

Zhongzheng District is the seat of Keelung City which houses the Keelung City Government and Keelung City Council. The current Mayor of Keelung is George Hsieh of the Kuomintang.

Administrative divisions

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Keelung has seven (7) districts:[1]

Map Name Chinese Taiwanese Hakka Population (October 2023) Area (km²)
  Zhongzheng 中正區 Tiong-chèng Tsûng-tsang 50,693 10.2118
Zhongshan 中山區 Tiong-san Tsûng-sân 45,523 10.5238
Ren-ai[1][36] 仁愛區 Jîn-ài Yìn-oi 41,159 4.2335
Xinyi (Sinyi) 信義區 Sìn-gī Sin-ngi 53,399 10.6706
Anle 安樂區 An-lo̍k Ôn-lo̍k 80,452 18.0250
Nuannuan 暖暖區 Loán-loán Nôn-nôn 38,455 22.8283
Qidu 七堵區 Chhit-tó͘ Tshit-tù 52,806 56.2659

Politics

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Keelung City voted one Democratic Progressive Party legislator Tsai Shih-Ying to be in the Legislative Yuan during the 2016 Republic of China legislative election.[37]

Demographics

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Historical population
YearPop.±%
1960 234,442—    
1966 287,156+22.5%
1970 324,040+12.8%
1975 341,383+5.4%
1980 344,867+1.0%
1985 351,524+1.9%
1990 352,919+0.4%
1995 368,771+4.5%
2000 388,425+5.3%
2005 390,633+0.6%
2010 384,134−1.7%
2015 372,105−3.1%
2020 367,577−1.2%
Source: Ministry of the Interior Population Census[38]

Population growth

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Year Population Notes
1840
700 households
1897
9,500
1904
17,710
 Ranked 6th[39]
1924
58,000
1943
100,000
1944
92,000
 Decrease due to Allied air bombings
1948
130,000
 28,000 mainlander influx
1970
324,040
1990
352,919
2010
384,134
2020
367,577

Festivals

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One of the most popular festivals in Taiwan is the mid-summer Ghost Festival. The Keelung Ghost Festival is among the oldest in Taiwan, dating back to 1851 after bitter clashes between rival clans, which claimed many lives before mediators stepped in.[40]

Regional origins

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By 2021, there was a group of people who originated from the Matsu Islands.[41]

Economy

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Coal mining peaked in 1968. The city developed quickly and by 1984, the harbor was the 7th largest container harbor in the world.[26]

  •  
    Keelung Port Croquis (in 1894)
  •  
    Keelung Landmark
  •  
    Keelung City and Harbor, between 1860 and 1880
 
Panorama view of central Keelung and harbor area

Education

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National Taiwan Ocean University

Education in Keelung City is governed by the Department of Education of Keelung City Government.

Universities and colleges

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Keelung City houses several universities and colleges, such as the National Taiwan Ocean University, Ching Kuo Institute of Management and Health and Chungyu Institute of Technology.

High schools

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Energy

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Hsieh-ho Power Plant

Keelung City houses the only fully oil-fired power plant in Taiwan, the Hsieh-ho Power Plant, which is located in Zhongshan District. The installed capacity of the power plant is 2,000 MW.

Tourist attractions

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Keelung Cultural Center

Ports

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Parks

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Cultural centers

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Museums

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National Museum of Marine Science and Technology

Historical structures

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Baimiweng Fort, Dawulun Fort, Gongzi Liao Fort, Keelung Fort Commander's Official Residence, Nuannuan Ande Temple, Pengjia Lighthouse, Uhrshawan Battery and Xian Dong Yan.

Transportation

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Keelung Station
 
Port of Keelung

Rail

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Water

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Taiwan's second largest port, the Port of Keelung, is located in the city. The port serves destinations to Matsu Islands, Xiamen and Okinawa.

International relations

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Main article: List of twin towns and sister cities in Taiwan (Republic of China)

Twin towns – Sister cities

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Keelung is twinned with:

Notable people

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Notable people from Keelung include:

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c "Geography". Keelung City Government. Retrieved 3 April 2019. Keelung City is divided into seven districts, which are Zhongzheng District, Xinyi District, Ren-ai District, Zhongshan District, Anle District, Nuannuan District and Qidu District.{...}Ren-ai District is the smallest one.{...}Ren-ai District{...}
  2. ^ 人口統計. www.klcg.gov.tw (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 29 May 2016. Retrieved 6 June 2016.
  3. ^ a b "Jilong". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster.
  4. ^ Campbell, William (1903). "Explanatory Notes". Formosa under the Dutch: described from contemporary records, with explanatory notes and a bibliography of the island. London: Kegan Paul. pp. 538–557. ISBN 9789576380839. OCLC 644323041.
  5. ^ for example: Smith, D. Warres (1900). European settlements in the Far East: China, Japan, Corea, Indo-China, Straits Settlements, Malay States, Siam, Netherlands, India, Borneo, the Philippines etc. S. Low, Marston & company. p. 38. OCLC 3110223. OL 6905314M. Archived from the original on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 5 December 2014.
  6. ^ Davidson (1903), Index p.20.
  7. ^ Davidson (1903), p. iii.
  8. ^ "Welcome to Keelung City: The Beginning". Keelung City Government. Archived from the original on 26 September 2009. Retrieved 24 July 2010.
  9. ^ a b "Ching Dynasty". Keelung City Government. Archived from the original on 26 May 2010. Retrieved 24 July 2010.
  10. ^ Terry, Thomas Philip (1914). Terry's Japanese Empire. Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 774. OCLC 51414323. OL 18847607M. Archived from the original on 15 March 2016. Retrieved 5 December 2014.
  11. ^ Naoyoshi Ogawa, ed. (1931–1932). "koe-lâng (基隆)". 臺日大辭典 [Taiwanese-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese and Taiwanese Hokkien). Vol. 1. Taihoku: Governor-General of Taiwan. p. 466. OCLC 25747241.
  12. ^ "Entry #35351 (基隆市)". 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan]. (in Chinese and Hokkien). Ministry of Education, R.O.C. 2011.
  13. ^ Altares, Guillermo (12 November 2016). "Una excavación aporta una nueva visión de la colonización de Asia". El País (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 13 November 2016. Retrieved 13 November 2016.
  14. ^ Andrade, Tonio (2005). How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century. Columbia University Press – via gutenberg-e.org.
  15. ^ Convicts or Conquistadores? Spanish Soldiers in the Seventeenth-Century Pacific By Stephanie J. Mawson AGI, México, leg. 25, núm. 62; AGI, Filipinas, leg. 8, ramo 3, núm. 50; leg. 10, ramo 1, núm. 6; leg. 22, ramo 1, núm. 1, fos. 408 r −428 v ; núm. 21; leg. 32, núm. 30; leg. 285, núm. 1, fos. 30 r −41 v .
  16. ^ Twitchett, Denis Crispin (1978). The Cambridge history of China, Volume 2; Volume 8. Cambridge University Press. p. 46. ISBN 9780521243339. OCLC 613665518.
  17. ^ a b "Ming Dynasty and Cheng Cheng kung's Era". Keelung City Government. Archived from the original on 25 May 2010. Retrieved 12 June 2010.
  18. ^ Shepherd, John Robert (1993). Statecraft and political economy on the Taiwan frontier, 1600-1800. Stanford University Press. p. 95. ISBN 9780804720663.
  19. ^ Shih-Shan Henry Tsai (2009). Maritime Taiwan: Historical Encounters with the East and the West. Routledge. pp. 66–67. ISBN 978-1-317-46517-1. Archived from the original on 9 May 2016. Retrieved 6 August 2018.
  20. ^ Leonard H. D. Gordon (2007). Confrontation Over Taiwan: Nineteenth-Century China and the Powers. Lexington Books. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-7391-1869-6. Archived from the original on 10 April 2023. Retrieved 6 August 2018.
  21. ^ Davidson (1903), p. 211.
  22. ^ Cheng, Shih-Nan; Shaw, Chen-Fang; Yeh, Yeong Tein (2016). "Reconstructing the 1867 Keelung Earthquake and Tsunami Based on Historical Documents". Terrestrial, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences. 27 (3): 431. Bibcode:2016TAOS...27..431C. doi:10.3319/TAO.2016.03.18.01(TEM).
  23. ^ "Exhuming French history in Taiwan - Taipei Times". 15 November 2001.
  24. ^ a b c "Japanese Occupation". Keelung City Government. Archived from the original on 24 May 2010. Retrieved 12 June 2010.
  25. ^ "Taiwan in Time: When US bombs rained down on Keelung". Taipei Times. 16 June 2024. Retrieved 16 June 2024.
  26. ^ a b "The Republic of China". Keelung City Government. Archived from the original on 25 May 2010. Retrieved 12 June 2010.
  27. ^ "Introduction". Keelung City Government. Archived from the original on 26 August 2014. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
  28. ^ "Beautiful Scenery". Keelung City Government. Archived from the original on 6 November 2021. Retrieved 23 April 2019. Keelung Islet {...} Pinnacle (Huaping Islet) {...} Pengjia Islet (Agincourt) {...} Mianhua Islet (Crag){...}
  29. ^ "Pengjia Islet gets rare attention from Ma's visit". GlobalSecurity.org. 7 September 2012. Archived from the original on 23 April 2019. Retrieved 23 April 2019. The normally obscure outcrop, which falls administratively under Keelung City, is one of three islets off of Taiwan's northern coast – the others are Mianhua Islet and Huaping Islet – considered to be of strategic importance to the country.
  30. ^ Davidson, James W. (1903). "Appendix IV: Climate". The Island of Formosa, Past and Present : history, people, resources, and commercial prospects : tea, camphor, sugar, gold, coal, sulphur, economical plants, and other productions. London and New York: Macmillan. OL 6931635M. Archived from the original on 8 January 2015. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
  31. ^ "Monthly Mean". Central Weather Bureau. Archived from the original on 9 December 2022. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  32. ^ "氣象站各月份最高氣溫統計" (PDF) (in Chinese). Central Weather Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 October 2022. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  33. ^ "氣象站各月份最高氣溫統計(續)" (PDF) (in Chinese). Central Weather Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 October 2022. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
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Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Keelung.
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