SQL/PSM (SQL/Persistent Stored Modules) is an ISO standard mainly defining an extension of SQL with a procedural language for use in stored procedures. Initially published in 1996 as an extension of SQL-92 (ISO/IEC 9075-4:1996, a version sometimes called PSM-96 or even SQL-92/PSM[2]), SQL/PSM was later incorporated into the multi-part SQL:1999 standard, and has been part 4 of that standard since then, most recently in SQL:2023.[3] The SQL:1999 part 4 covered less than the original PSM-96 because the SQL statements for defining, managing, and invoking routines were actually incorporated into part 2 SQL/Foundation, leaving only the procedural language itself as SQL/PSM.[4] The SQL/PSM facilities are still optional as far as the SQL standard is concerned; most of them are grouped in Features P001-P008.
| Paradigm | Multi-paradigm |
|---|---|
| First appeared | 1996 |
| Stable release | |
| OS | Cross-platform (multi-platform) |
| Major implementations | |
| PL/SQL MySQL/MariaDB IBM's SQL PL Mimer SQL | |
| Influenced by | |
| PL/SQL Ada[1] | |
SQL/PSM standardizes syntax and semantics for control flow, exception handling (called "condition handling" in SQL/PSM), local variables, assignment of expressions to variables and parameters, and (procedural) use of cursors. It also defines an information schema (metadata) for stored procedures. SQL/PSM is one language in which methods for the SQL:1999 structured types can be defined. The other is Java, via SQL/JRT.
SQL/PSM is derived, seemingly directly, from Oracle's PL/SQL. Oracle developed PL/SQL and released it in 1991, basing the language on the US Department of Defense's Ada programming language. However, Oracle has maintained a distance from the standard in its documentation. IBM's SQL PL (used in DB2) and Mimer SQL's PSM[5] were the first two products officially implementing SQL/PSM. It is commonly thought that these two languages, and perhaps also MySQL/MariaDB's procedural language, are closest to the SQL/PSM standard. [6] [7] However, a PostgreSQL addon implements SQL/PSM[8][9][10][11] (alongside its other procedural languages like the PL/SQL-derived plpgsql), although it is not part of the core product.[12]
RDF functionality in OpenLink Virtuoso was developed entirely through SQL/PSM, combined with custom datatypes (e.g., ANY for handling URI and Literal relation objects), sophisticated indexing, and flexible physical storage choices (column-wise or row-wise).
See also
editThe following implementations adopt the standard, but they are not 100% compatible to SQL/PSM:
- HSQLDB stored procedures and functions[13]
- MySQL stored procedures[6]
- MariaDB stored procedures[7]
- OpenLink Virtuoso SQL Procedures (VSP)[14]
- PostgreSQL PL/pgSQL
Proprietary:
References
edit- ^ Gulutzan, Peter (2015), Stored Procedures: critiques and defences
- ^ Eisenberg, A. (1996). "New standard for stored procedures in SQL". ACM SIGMOD Record. 25 (4): 81–88. doi:10.1145/245882.245907. S2CID 13023149.
- ^ "SQL:2023", Catalogue (webshop), ISO
- ^ Melton, Jim; Simon, Alan R (2002). SQL: 1999. Morgan Kaufmann. pp. 541–42. ISBN 978-1-55860-456-8.
- ^ "Stored Procedures in Mimer SQL".
- ^ a b Harrison, Guy; Feuerstein, Steven (2008). MySQL Stored Procedure Programming. O'Reilly. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-596-10089-6.
- ^ a b "Stored Procedures". MariaDB KnowledgeBase.
- ^ plpsm0 (git) (repository), 7 July 2020.
- ^ Announce, PostgreSQL, May 2011.
- ^ "PostgreSQL: Proposal: PL/pgPSM for 9.3". www.postgresql.org. 22 February 2012.
- ^ SQL/PSM (wigl) (manual), PostgreSQL, 2008.
- ^ "SQL Conformance", Documentation (9.2 ed.), PostgreSQL.
- ^ "Chapter 8. SQL-Invoked Routines". hsqldb.org.
- ^ "Chapter 11. SQL Procedure Language Guide". docs.openlinksw.com.
- ^ "Invantive SQL v2.0 Grammar". Invantive.
- ^ "Mimer SQL Stored Procedures". docs.mimer.com.
Further reading
edit- Jim Melton, Understanding SQL's Stored Procedures: A Complete Guide to SQL/PSM, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 1998, ISBN 1-55860-461-8