Human Discharge and Phytoplankton Takeup for The Atmospheric Carbon Balance

doi:10.4236/acs.2011.14021

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Atmospheric and Climate Sciences, 2011, 1, 189-196

doi:10.4236/acs.2011.14021 Published Online October 2011 (http://www.SciRP.org/journal/acs)

Human Discharge and Phytoplankton Takeup for the

Atmospheric Carbon Balance*

Dongfang Yang1,2,3, Zhenqing Miao1, Yu Chen2, Qiang Shi3, Huanzhi Xu1

1Marine Science College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China

2Information College, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, Shanghai, China

3North China Sea Environmental Monitoring Center, SOA, Qingdao, China

E-mail: dfyang@shou.edu .cn

Received July 19, 2011; revised August 25, 2011; accepted September 11, 2011

Abstract

By the data of the Jiaozhou Bay (Shandong, China) from May 1991 to February 1994 and those of Hawaii from

March 1958 to December 2007, with the statistics and differential equations analyzed were the seasonal varia-

tions in atmospheric carbon in the Northern Pacific Ocean (NPO), and in phytoplankton primary production in

the Jiaozhou Bay, and its relationship in the study regions. The study unveiled that the seasonal change of the

atmosphere carbon and primary production has the same period. In a year, the primary production and atmos-

phere carbon had two balance points: the points of May and October, during which the amount of atmosphere

carbon decreased. As phytoplankton absorbed atmosphere carbon, When primary production in spring > 181.60

(mg/m2 d) - 297.57 (mg/m2 d) or 754.74 (mg/m2 d) - 1160.13 (mg/m2 d) in September or 552.94 (mg/m2 d) -

890.69 (mg/m2 d) in October, the atmosphere carbon fell. Therefore, it is considered that from May to October

every year, phytoplankton growing in bloom controlled the increase of atmosphere carbon. From December to

next April, human discharging the carbon controlled its increase. The results supported the viewpoint shown by

Yang (2010): the variation in atmospheric carbon was determined by human discharge and phytoplankton

growth. The result in this paper showed that the earth ecosystem kept the percentage of the decrease amount of

atmospheric carbon to its amount taken up by phytoplankton as 1.60% - 0.34% and maintained the dynamic

balance of carbon by emitted by human being into the atmosphere and absorption of phytoplankton to atmos-

phere carbon. Therefore, the ecosystem was considered to be of the great power and accuracy.

Keywords: Atmospheric Carbon, Human, Phytoplankton, Dynamic Balance, Jiaozhou Bay, Hawaii

1. Introduction

Since industry revolution, the atmosphere carbon con-

centration rises obviously every year, which leads to

global warming and affects the climate and environment

of the earth. 95% of the carbon in ecological circle lies in

ocean, which is the largest carbon store of the earth. It

contains the CO2 not only from atmosphere but also from

mankind within river water, that is, the recycling mecha-

nism and the physical, chemical and biological process,

where oceans absorb and transfer CO2 in atmosphere and

ocean will change with season, area and space. Therefore,

ocean is of great meaning to adjust the CO2 in atmos-

phere.

In central area of the North Pacific, Hawaii Mauna

Loa Monitoring Station found that atmosphere carbon is

not affected by partial carbon emission and the data of

the carbon reflects the change of atmosphere carbon in

north Pacific. Along the coast line of the north Pacific,

the Jiaozhou bay with suitable location [1-9] is chosen to

observe the effect of phytoplankton growth on atmos-

phere carbon. The data from Mauna Loa Monitoring Sta-

tion were valid and reliable, which were used by many

researchers [10-13].

This paper showed the seasonal change of phyto-

plankton primary production in the Jiaozhou Bay from

1992 to 1994, that of atmospheric carbon from 1958 to

2007 in Mauna Loa in NOAA Earth System Research

laboratory in Hawaii that of the atmosphere in the North

Pacific ocean. By the equations, calculated were monthly

*Funded by Key Laboratory of Marine Spill Oil Identification and

Damage Assessment Technology, SOA, the Director’s Foundation o

the Beihai Monitoring Center, the State Oceanic Administration; and a

Project of Chinese Academy of Science (KZCX 2-207).

D. F. YANG ET AL.

190

average value of primary production, their balance points

and balance amounts, making us fully understand the

phytoplankton growth role in atmospheric carbon elimi-

nation.

2. Materials and Method

2.1. The Jiaozhou Bay and the Phytoplankton

Data

Jiaozhou Bay is semi-closed at 35˚55' N -36˚18' N, 120˚

04' E - 120˚23' E, its area is 390 km2 with 7 m in average

depth in the eastern China. The observation data of pri-

mary production (14C-monitoring) from May 1991 to

February 1994 are provided by the Ecological Station of

Jiaozhou Bay, and obtained by Wu et al. [14]. Each time

monitoring was taken in 2 days. On-site the investiga-

tions were made in February, May, August, and Novem-

ber during the years, representing winter, spring, summer,

and autumn, respectively. There were 12 voyages in 10

stations (except Station 3) (Figure 1). The water Sam-

ples of standard water layer were collected at 0, 5, 10,…,

to the bottom).

2.2 Mauna Loa and Source of Atmospheric

Carbon Data in Hawaii

Mauna Loa is located at 19.539 N/155.578 W in Hawaii

(Figure 2), its altitude is 4170 m high and its area is 97

km in length and 48 km in width. The observation data

on atmospheric carbon in 1958-2007 are from Mauna

Loa in NOAA Earth System Research laboratory in Ha-

waii.

Figure 1. Station locations in Jiaozhou Bay.

The change of atmosphere carbon is a curve of fluctu-

ating rise. This change is produced by the combination of

trending increase and periodic fluctuation [9]. The thesis

researches the change of curve period and makes com-

parison analysis according to the curve period change

calculated by monthly average value to discuss the effect

of primary productivity to seasonal change of atmos-

phere carbon.

Variation in atmospheric carbon shows cycle oscilla-

tion in curved shape, resulted jointly from the increasing

trend and periodic oscillations [9]. The seasonal varia-

tions in atmospheric carbon and primary production were

compared and analyzed by the calculated monthly aver-

age (Figures 3-4), by which their balance points and bal-

ance amounts were obtained.

Figure 2. Geographic feature of Mauna Loa monitoring

station (from NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory,

http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/co2_data_mlo.ht

ml, seen on the 20th February in 2008).

Figure 3. The va riati on in atmospheric carbon with a monthly

average fr om Mar ch 1958 to Decemb er 2007.

D. F. YANG ET AL.

191

3.2. Seasonal Variation in Primary Production

In Jiaozhou bay, the seasonal change tendency of pri-

mary production is obvious. The primary production is

the highest in summer. In the same station, the primary

production peak value of every year is different. The

peak value in the same station is not the same in different

years. The peak value is in the range of 1600 mgC/m2 d -

2500 mgC/m2 d. The bottom value of primary production

is in winter with the range of 35 mgC/m2 d - 104 mg

C/m2 d. Primary production from February to May rises

slowly and rises fast after May till peak period. It will

then fall sharply till November and then falls slowly

from November to February and slides to bottom value.

The primary production remains low from November to

the next May. Then the cycle continues, such as Stations

1 and 4 (Figure 4).

Figure 4. Seasonal variations of primary production a t St at ions

1 and 4 (mgCm-2d-1).

3. Results

3.1. Seasonal Variation in Atmospheric Carbon Primary production and atmospheric carbon have the

clear seasonal variation and the same cycle.

According to the monthly average value of atmospheric

carbon concentration from 1958 to 2007, the seasonal

variation in it reaches the peak in spring, higher than in

other three seasons, while it arrives to the bottom in au-

tumn. The average atmospheric carbon from November

to next May all the times rises, and reaches the highest

value 347 ppm in May in a year, and then begins to go

down in May and falls all the time from May to October

for five months. In August it falls faster, then in Sep-

tember it falls slowly and reaches the lowest value

341.41 ppm in September, then kept the lowest value

341.42 ppm in October. Moreover, it begins to rise in

November and reaches again the peak until the next May

for seven months, in April, it rises faster and reaches the

peak of 347˚ppm in May again. Then, a new cycle ap-

peared again (Figure 3).

3.3. Monthly Average Value of Primary

Production

By the primary production data of May, August and No-

vember in 91, 92, 93, approximate formula is set up with

parabola formula least squares. The variable is time t

with the unit of month. The month is 30 days and func-

tion is primary production (Table 1).

Y(t) = at 2 + bt + c (1)

Function Y(t) was obtained by carrying out integral to

primary production function Y(t) and the average value

of primary production for every month was calculated.

Y(t) = ∫ y(t) dt(2).

From (2), the primary production average value of May,

September and October can be worked out (Table 2).

Table 1. Values of the parameters a, b, c in Equation (1).

P 1 4 6 7 8 9

a –85.04 –99.07 –69.87 –61.00 –114.04 –85.65

b 1479.81 1724.32 1192.24 1045.63 1926.34 1465.68

c –5306.05 –6283.54 –4256.25 –3667.57 –6837.91 –5239.47

r2 0.54 0.41 0.51 0.49 0.54 0.24

S: Station, P: Parameter.

Table 2. Month average values of the primary production (mg/m2 d).

M 1 4 6 7 8 9

May 253.24 194.99 181.60 232.79 297.57 223.65

Sep. 1069.86 1147.84 758.16 754.74 1160.13 947.19

Oct. 848.79 890.69 552.94 580.18 805.54 699.81

S: Station, M: Month.

D. F. YANG ET AL.

192

The monthly average value of primary production in

May was in the range of 181.60 (mg/m2 d) - 297.57

(mg/m2 d), in September in the range of 754.74 (mg/m2 d)

- 1160.13 (mg/m2), and in October in the range of 552.94

(mg/m2 d) - 890.69 (mg/m2 d).

3.4. The Balance Point of Primary Production

and Atmosphere Carbon

The atmosphere carbon increases before May and de-

creases after May. In May, the atmosphere carbon reaches

the peak value of 347 ppm. At the same time, primary

production increases from February to August, during

which primary production decreases atmosphere carbon.

In May, atmosphere carbon and primary production

reaches the balance, that is, the absorption amount of

phytoplankton for atmosphere carbon is equal to the in-

crease amount of atmosphere carbon. This result shows

that in spring, the primary production rises, and that its

month average value exceeds 181.60(mg/m2 d) - 297.57

(mg/m2 d), atmospheric carbon begins to fall.

Atmosphere carbon decreases before September and

October, and increases after September and October. In

September and October, atmosphere carbon reaches the

lowest values 341.41 ppm and 341.42 ppm, and then pri-

mary production falls to the bottom value from August to

next February, during which, primary production makes

the atmospheric carbon decreasing, but as primary

Production falls, the atmospheric carbon correspond-

ingly increases. So, In September and October, atmos-

pheric carbon and primary production reaches the bal-

ance, that is, the absorption amount of phytoplankton for

atmosphere carbon is equal to the increase amount of at-

mosphere carbon. This result shows that in autumn, the

primary production falls, and that its month average value

reaches lower than 754.74 (mg/m2 d) - 1160.13 (mg/m2 d)

in September or 552.94 (mg/m2 d) - 890.69 (mg/m2 d) in

October, atmospheric carbon begins to rise.

3.5. The Balance Amount of Primary Production

and Atmosphere Carbon

Primary production and atmosphere carbon have two

balance points. The accumulation amount between them

is called balance amount of primary production and at-

mosphere carbon. So, the accumulation amount of pri-

mary production is defined the balance amount of at-

mospheric carbon between primary production and at-

mosphere carbon by authors, in this way the accumula-

tion amount of atmospheric carbon is called the balance

amount of atmospheric carbon between primary produc-

tion and atmosphere carbon.

From Formula 2 obtained was the average value of

primary production 600.18 - 931.71 (mg/m2 d) from May

to October.

There is six months in all from May to October; every

month is 30 days, namely 180 days. Then there the accu-

mulation amount of primary production for six months,

that is, the balance amount of primary production between

primary production and atmosphere carbon for six months

(Table 3), its range is 108031.95 - 167707.62 (mg/m2).

By calculating the data of primary production in the

Jiaozhou Bay and atmospheric carbon in Hawaii, set up

was the Equation (3): c(t) = –kp(t) + b (3)

In (3), parameter k is the amount of atmospheric car-

bon absorbed by unit primary production as 0.00321

(ppm)/(mgC m–2·d–1) - 0.00974 (ppm)/(mgC m–2·d–1),

that is, a unit primary production can absorb 0.003˚21

ppm - 0.00974 ppm of the atmospheric carbon (Yang, et

al., 2010). With (3) the atmospheric carbon average from

May to October is calculated, the range of low value is

1.93 ppm - 2.99 ppm and that of high value is 5.85 ppm -

9.07 ppm. The whole range is 1.93 ppm - 9.07 ppm.

There is six months in all from May to October; every

month is 30 days, namely 180 days. Then there the ac-

cumulation amount of atmospheric carbon for six months,

that is, the balance amount of atmospheric carbon be-

tween primary production and atmosphere carbon for six

months (Table 4), its low range is 346.78 ppm - 538.34

ppm; its high range1052.23 ppm - 1633.47 ppm; The

whole range is346.78 ppm - 1633.47 ppm.

Table 3. Average value (mg/m2 d) and balance amount (mg/m2)of the primary production between the primary production

and the atmospheric carbon for six months.

Primary production PP1 PP4 PP6 PP7 PP8 PP9

Average value of six months 834.50 873.09 600.18 609.85 931.71 747.24

Balance amount 150209.17 157155.71 108031.95 109773.85 167707.62 134503.24

193

D. F. YANG ET AL.

Table 4. Average value and balance amount of the atmospheric carbon between the primary production and the atmospheric

carbon for six months (ppm).

Atmosphere carbon amount ab-

sorbed by primary production unit Atmosphere carbon 1 4 6 7 8 9

0.00321 (ppm)/(mgC m–2·d–1) Average value of 6 months 2.68 2.80 1.93 1.96 2.99 2.40

0.00974 (ppm)/(mgC m–2·d–1) Average value of 6 months 8.13 8.50 5.85 5.94 9.07 7.28

0.00321 (ppm)/(mgC m–2·d–1) Balance amount 482.17 504.47 346.78 352.37 538.34 431.76

0.00974 (ppm)/(mgC m–2·d–1) Balance amount 1463.04 1530.70 1052.23 1069.20 1633.47 1310.06

4. Discussion

4.1. Rise of CO2 in Atmosphere

Human beings by burning oil emitted a huge amount of

CO2 into the atmosphere, so CO2 concentration has been

rising from 270 ppm of the industrial revolution to

315.24 ppm in 1958, 318.46 ppm in 1962 after 5 years,

322.18 ppm in 1967 after 10 years, and 383.71 ppm in

2007 after 50 years [9]. Therefore, because of human

beings, the CO2 in the atmosphere increases faster and

faster. During the period of 1958-2007, by virtue of

monthly average value, the equation of atmosphere car-

bon curve was set up [9], by which it can be calculated

that the acceleration of atmospheric CO2 is 0.0244 since

1958, and in the future, the its increasing speed would

look faster. Therefore, the rise of CO2 in the atmosphere

is faster and faster.

4.2. Absorption of Primary Production for

Atmosphere Carbon

Oceans are the largest absorbing body of CO2 as CO2 can

be solved in sea water; a large amount of atmosphere

carbon is in sea water. Phytoplankton absorbs carbon and

settles it at the bottom of ocean. The phytoplankton in

the ocean transfers the carbon into the sea bottom

[15-18]. One of two functions of phytoplankton growth

is the basis of food chain and the core of ecosystem, the

other one is the elimination of the atmospheric CO2 by

phytoplankton photosynthesis. Therefore, phytoplankton

growth would keep the ocean ecosystem to sustain and

decrease the atmospheric CO2 emitted by the humans [9].

Atmospheric carbon has a close relationship with

phytoplankton primary production. Jiaozhou Bay phyto-

plankton is relevant to Hawaii atmosphere carbon. A

good correlation between phytoplankton in Jiaozhou Bay

and atmospheric carbon in Hawaii showed the process of

phytoplankton taking up carbon from atmosphere and

sinking to the ocean bottom.

The carbon-phytoplankton model [9,16] showed that if

the primary production rises, the atmospheric carbon will

fall; if the primary production falling, the result on the

contrary. In addition, under the effect of phytoplankton,

atmospheric carbon has the same period of phytoplank-

ton, which means the phytoplankton growth determined

the cyclic fluctuation and the amplitude of atmosphere

carbon.

From the carbon-phytoplankton model [9,16], 0.00321 -

0.00974 ppm of the atmospheric carbon is absorbed by

every primary production unit. In the way, 0.28963 ppm

- 0.87884 ppm of the atmospheric carbon is absorbed in

winter, 6.88689 ppm - 20.89668 ppm in summer, which

unveiled that the amount of atmospheric carbon is very

different in the absorption of phytoplankton between

winter and summer. Therefore, phytoplankton growth in

bloom and decline determines the fall and rise variation

in atmospheric carbon.

4.3. Balance Point of May

The atmosphere carbon increases from February to May

continuously, then primary production increases from

February to August continuously. During this period, the

increase amount of primary production becomes large,

the corresponding increase amount of atmospheric car-

bon becomes smaller. In this way, primary production

increased fast and the corresponding atmospheric carbon

increased slowly. So, in May, the balance of atmosphere

carbon and primary production appears, that is, the ab-

sorption amount of phytoplankton for atmosphere carbon

and the increase amount of atmosphere carbon reaches

the balance, and then the atmosphere carbon reaches the

peak value of 347 ppm. This result indicated that in

spring, the primary production rises, and that when the

monthly average value of primary production exceeds

181.60(mg/m2 d) - 297.57(mg/m2 d), atmospheric car-

bon begins to decrease. Therefore, the bloom of phyto-

plankton growth might control the rise of atmospheric

carbon.

D. F. YANG ET AL.

194

The largest increase rate of primary production is in

May [1-3,19], That is, it is time that the phytoplankton

begins to grow in bloom, the absorption amount of

phytoplankton for atmosphere carbon and the increase

amount of atmosphere carbon is identical, resulting in

rise of atmosphere carbon as zero.

4.4. Balance Point of October

Atmosphere carbon decreases all along from May to

September and October, then atmospheric carbon in-

creases all along, but decreases from August to Novem-

ber, during this period the increase amount of primary

production becomes smaller, the corresponding increase

amount becomes larger. In this way, since August, the

primary production rises slowly, the corresponding at-

mospheric carbon rises fast. So in September and Octo-

ber the second balance point appears, that is, the absorp-

tion amount of phytoplankton for atmosphere carbon and

the increase amount of atmosphere carbon reaches the

balance in September and October, and then the atmos-

phere carbon reaches separately the bottom values of

341.41 ppm and 341.42 ppm in September and October.

This result indicated that in autumn, the primary produc-

tion falls, and that when the monthly average value of

primary production is lower than 754.74 (mg/m2 d) -

1160.13 (mg/m2 d) in September or 552.94 (mg/m2 d) -

890.69 (mg/m2 d) in October, atmospheric carbon begins

to rise. Therefore, the decline of phytoplankton growth

might not control the rise of atmospheric carbon.

The largest decrease rate of primary production is in

November [1-3,19], That is, it is before that the phyto-

plankton begins to grow in weak, the absorption amount

of phytoplankton for atmosphere carbon and the increase

amount of atmosphere carbon is identical, resulting in

rise of atmosphere carbon as zero.

Therefore, in one year, from May to October, phyto-

plankton growth all along controls the rise of atmos-

pheric carbon.

4.5. Average Value of Primary Production and

Atmospheric Carbon

From May to October, the average primary production is

600.18 (mg/m2 d) - 931.71 (mg/m2 d) and the primary

production growth controls the rise of atmosphere carbon.

During this period, the atmospheric carbon amount ab-

sorbed by the primary production has the low range of

1.93 ppm - 2.99 ppm and high range of 5.85 ppm - 9.07

ppm. So, the total range is 1.93 ppm - 9.07 ppm. This

result represents that from May to October, phytoplank-

ton growth every day absorbed the low range of atmos-

phere carbon: 1.93 ppm - 2.99 ppm and high range: 5.85

ppm - 9.07 ppm. Therefore, no matter what low range or

high, phytoplankton plays an important role in absorbing

atmosphere carbon from time to time.

4.6. Balance Amount of Primary Production and

Atmospheric Carbon

In one year, primary production and atmosphere carbon

have two balance points: two points of May and October.

Between two ones, the balance amount of primary pro-

duction between primary production and atmosphere

carbon is 108031.95 (mg/m2) - 167707.62 (mg/m2), The

balance amount of atmosphere carbon between them is

346.78 ppm - 1633.47 ppm. From May to October, the

atmosphere carbon decreases by 347 – 341.41 = 5.59 ppm

or 347 – 341.42 = 5.58 ppm, which unveils that the carbon

discharged by human into atmosphere should be 346.78

ppm - 5.58 ppm ~ 1633.47 ppm - 5.58 ppm, namely

341.20 ppm - 1627.89 ppm or 346.78 ppm - 5.59 ppm ~

1633.47 ppm - 5.59 ppm，namely 341.19 ppm - 1627.88

ppm.

From every May to October every year, human dis-

charged 341.20 - 1627.89 ppm or 341.19 - 1627.88 ppm.

Therefore, the earth ecosystem every year not only

eliminates the carbon emitted by humans into atmos-

phere and but also reduces the carbon in atmosphere by

5.59 ppm or 5.58 ppm, and the falling amount of atmos-

pheric carbon in proportion to the absorption amount of

phytoplankton for atmospheric carbon is 0.0160 - 0.0034,

or 1.60% - 0.34%. The earth ecosystem every year could

keep the atmospheric carbon falling 1.60% - 0.34%, it is

of so great precision.

As humans continuously has been increasing amount

of carbon into atmosphere, the earth ecosystem would

make the primary production of phytoplankton continu-

ously increase every year in order to reduce atmospheric

carbon by 5.59 ppm or 5.58 ppm from May to October.

In this way, the earth ecosystem would settle the large

amount of carbon in atmosphere to bottom of the sea by

phytoplankton to eliminate the carbon discharged by

human beings to keep the dynamic balance of carbon

emission and absorption of phytoplankton to atmosphere

carbon. Therefore, the earth ecosystem is of so great

power.

In recent years, phytoplankton has been blooming, re-

sult in the global red tides increasing, their frequency,

strength, area and scale rapidly enlarging [16,18,20],

which strengthen that the earth ecosystem controls at-

mospheric carbon from May to October to adapt to the

increase amount of atmospheric carbon. On the basis of

the three complementary mechanism: the complementary

mechanism of silicon in the Earth's ecosystem, the com-

plementary mechanism of air temperature and water

195

D. F. YANG ET AL.

temperature in the Earth’s ecosystem, the complementary

mechanism of carbon in the Earth's ecosystem by Yang,

et al. [16,18,21], air temperature and water temperature

reaches the dynamic balance by phytoplankton.

5. Conclusions

Atmosphere carbon has obvious season change and one

spring peak and one fall bottom. While the primary pro-

duction has seasonal change with a summer peak and a

winter bottom. Atmosphere carbon and primary produc-

tion has the same seasonal change period. In one year,

primary production and atmosphere carbon have two

balance points: the balance points of May and October.

Atmosphere carbon changes from balance point of May

to that of October. During this period, atmosphere carbon

all along keeps falling. The atmosphere carbon began to

fall at the one balance point of May till it finished at the

other balance point of October. As phytoplankton ab-

sorbs atmosphere carbon, primary production exceeds

181.60 (mg/m2 d) - 297.57 (mg/m2 d) in spring and

754.74 (mg/m2 d) - 1160.13 (mg/m2 d) in September or

552.94 (mg/m2 d) - 890.69 (mg/m2 d) in October. the

atmosphere carbon all the time falls from May to Octo-

ber. Therefore, it is considered that phytoplankton growth

in bloom might control the rise of atmosphere carbon.

From May to October, the average primary production

is 600.18 (mg/m2 d) - 931.71 (mg/m2 d), the average

carbon of whose absorption is 1.93 ppm - 9.07 ppm. So,

blooming phytoplankton growth all the time controls the

rise of atmospheric carbon. From May to October, the

balance amount of primary production between primary

production and atmosphere carbon has its range

108031.95 (mg/m2) - 167707.62 (mg/m2), the balance

amount of atmospheric carbon between them has its

range 346.78 ppm - 1633.47 ppm. So, phytoplankton

plays an important role in absorbing atmosphere carbon.

Every year from May to October, the carbon discharged

by humans into atmosphere should reach 341.20 ppm -

1627.89 ppm or 341.19 ppm - 1627.88 ppm. Moreover,

the earth ecosystem every year not only eliminates the

carbon emitted by humans into atmosphere and but also

reduces the carbon in atmosphere by 5.59 ppm or 5.58

ppm, and the falling amount of atmospheric carbon in

proportion to the absorption amount of phytoplankton for

atmospheric carbon is 0.0160 - 0.0034, or 1.60% - 0.34%,

it is of so great precision.

As humans continuously has been increasing amount

of carbon into atmosphere, the earth ecosystem would

make the primary production of phytoplankton continu-

ously increase every year in order to reduce atmospheric

carbon by 5.59 ppm or 5.58 ppm from May to October.

In this way, the earth ecosystem would keep the dynamic

balance of carbon emission and absorption of phyto-

plankton to atmosphere carbon. Therefore, the earth

ecosystem is of so great power.

The results showed that from May to October phyto-

plankton growth blooming controls the rise of atmos-

phere carbon, and phytoplankton could make the atmos-

pheric carbon fall in spite of humans’ emission; in other

months in every year phytoplankton growth declining

could not control the rise of atmosphere carbon, so under

the humans’ emission the atmosphere carbon increases.

Therefore, the bloom and decline period of phytoplank-

ton growth determines the cycle and amplitude of at-

mospheric carbon variation.

By virtue of the results above, author considered that

every year from May to October the phytoplankton

growth blooming controls the atmospheric carbon, while

from November to next April, the human’s emission

controls the atmosphere carbon increase, which further

supported the viewpoint [9]: both the increase of carbon

and its cyclic variation, respectively determined by hu-

man discharge and phytoplankton growth, synthetically

and harmoniously showed a dynamic process of the at-

mospheric carbon variation.

Authors considered that the earth ecosystem would not

only keep 1.60% - 0.34% of the falling amount of at-

mospheric carbon in proportion to the absorption amount

of phytoplankton for atmospheric carbon and but also

maintain the dynamic balance of the carbon of humans

emission into atmosphere and the phytoplankton absorp-

tion to atmosphere carbon. Therefore, the earth ecosys-

tem is certain of so great accuracy and power.

Authors deeply exclaimed that the earth is so perfect,

while I am so tiny!

6. Acknowledgements

Thanks Prof. Pieter Tans at NOAA Earth System Re-

search Laboratory, NOAA Earth System Research Labo-

ratory and Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii for warm help

and large support.

7. References

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[2] D. F. Yang, J. Zhang, Z. H. Gao, Y. Chen and P. Y. Sun,

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