Phan Nguyen Thanh Binh, Kuniyasu Soda, Masanobu Kawakami
DOI: 10.4236/health.2010.211198   PDF    HTML     5,081 Downloads   9,208 Views   Citations

Abstract

Socioeconomic status is known to affect dietary profile, and differences in food habits and choice may affect polyamine intake due to significant variations in the concentrations of the polyamines spermine, spermidine, and putrescine present in different foods. The relationship between gross domestic product (GDP) and dietary profile, with a focus on polyamine intake, was investigated for 49 different European and other Western countries. The data for food supply and GDP were collected from the database of the United Nations and the International Monetary Fund, respectively, and the amount of polyamine intake from food was estimated using polyamine concentrations listed in published sources. Countries were divided equally according to GDP values into two categories, higher and lower, and the amount and composition of food polyamines as well as dietary profile were compared. Higher GDP countries supply animal products and seafood in greater amounts than lower GDP countries; however, whole milk supply per calorie was higher in lower GDP than higher GDP countries. While crops supply was relatively higher in lower GDP countries, fruit supply was greater in higher GDP countries. Higher GDP was associated with increased amount of spermine and putrescine per total calorie, although spermidine amount per calorie was similar between higher and lower GDP countries. GDP, as an indicator of countries’ socioeconomic status, is associated with the amount and the composition of polyamines as well as dietary pattern.

Keywords

GDP; Dietary Pattern; Polyamine Intake; Western Countries

Share and Cite:

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	Cooper, R., Cutler, J., Desvigne-Nickens, P., Fortmann, S.P., Friedman, L., Havlik, R., Hogelin, G., Marler, J., McGovern, P., Morosco, G., Mosca, L., Pearson, T., Stamler, J., Stryer, D. and Thom, T. (2000) Trends and disparities in coronary heart disease, stroke, and other cardiovascular diseases in the United States: findings of the national conference on cardiovascular disease prevention. Circulation, 102(25), 3137-3147.
[2]	Kaplan, G.A. and Keil, J.E. (1993) Socioeconomic factors and cardiovascular disease: A review of the literature. Circulation, 88(4), 1973-1998.
[3]	Rooks, R.N., Simonsick, E.M., Miles, T., Newman, A., Kritchevsky, S.B., Schulz, R. and Harris, T. (2002) The association of race and socioeconomic status with cardiovascular disease indicators among older adults in the health, aging, and body composition study. Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 57(4), S247-256.
[4]	Tang, M., Chen, Y. and Krewski, D. (2003) Gender-re- lated differences in the association between socioeconomic status and self-reported diabetes. International Jour- nal of Epidemiology, 32(3), 381-385.
[5]	Everson, S.A., Maty, S.C., Lynch, J.W. and Kaplan, G.A. (2002) Epidemiologic evidence for the relation between socioeconomic status and depression, obesity, and diabetes. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 53(4), 891-895.
[6]	Mullins, C.D., Cooke, J.L., Wang, J., Shaya, F.T., Hsu, D.V. and Brooks, S. (2004) Disparities in prevalence rates for lung, colorectal, breast, and prostate cancers in Medicaid. Journal of the National Medical Association, 96, 809-816.
[7]	Ward, E., Jemal, A., Cokkinides, V., Singh, G.K., Cardinez, C., Ghafoor, A. and Thun, M. (2004) Cancer disparities by race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 54(2), 78-93.
[8]	Janssen, F., Kunst, A.E. and Mackenbach, J.P. (2006) Association between gross domestic product throughout the life course and old-age mortality across birth cohorts: parallel analyses of seven European countries, 1950-1999. Social Science & Medicine, 63(1), 239-254.
[9]	Tresserras, R., Canela, J., Alvarez, J., Sentis, J. and Salleras, L. (1992) Infant mortality, per capita income, and adult illiteracy: An ecological approach. American Journal of Public Health, 82, 435-438.
[10]	Beckfield, J. (2004) Does income inequality harm health? New cross-national evidence. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 45(3), 231-248.
[11]	James, W.P., Nelson, M., Ralph, A. and Leather, S. (1997) Socioeconomic determinants of health. The contribution of nutrition to inequalities in health. British Medical Journal, 314(7093), 1545-1549.
[12]	Mullie, P., Clarys, P., Hulens, M. and Vansant, G. (2010) Dietary patterns and socioeconomic position. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 64(3), 231-238.
[13]	Soda, K., Kano, Y., Sakuragi, M., Takao, K., Lefor, A. and Konishi, F. (2009) Long-term oral polyamine intake increases blood polyamine concentrations. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology, 55(4), 361-366.
[14]	Soda, K., Dobashi, Y., Kano, Y., Tsujinaka, S. and Konishi, F. (2009) Polyamine-rich food decreases age-associated pathology and mortality in aged mice. Experimental Gerontology, 44(11), 727-732.
[15]	Soda, K., Kano, Y., Nakamura, T., Kasono, K., Kawakami, M. and Konishi, F. (2005) Spermine, a natural polyamine, suppresses LFA-1 expression on human lymphocyte. The Journal of Immunology, 175(1), 237-245.
[16]	Bardocz, S., Brown, D.S., Grant, G. and Pusztai, A. (1990) Luminal and basolateral polyamine uptake by rat small intestine stimulated to grow by Phaseolus vulgaris lectin phytohaemagglutinin in vivo. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1034, 46-52.
[17]	Nishimura, K., Araki, N., Ohnishi, Y. and Kozaki, S. (2001) Effects of dietary polyamine deficiency on Trypanosoma gambiense infection in rats. Experimental Pa- rasitology, 97(2), 95-101.
[18]	Nishibori, N., Fujihara, S. and Akatuki, T. (2007) Amounts of polyamines in foods in Japan and intake by Japanese. Food Chemistry, 100, 491-497.
[19]	Cipolla, B.G., Havouis, R. and Moulinoux, J.P. (2007) Polyamine contents in current foods: A basis for polyamine reduced diet and a study of its long term observance and tolerance in prostate carcinoma patients. Amino Acids, 33, 203-212.
[20]	Bardócz, S., Grant, G., Brown, D.S., Ralph, A. and Pusztai, A. (1993) Polyamines in food - Implications for growth and health. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 4(2), 66-71.
[21]	Gedrich, K. (2003) Determinants of nutritional behaviour: A multitude of levers for successful intervention? Appetite, 41(3), 231-238.
[22]	Sanchez-Villegas, A., Martinez, J.A., Prattala, R., Toledo, E., Roos, G. and Martinez-Gonzalez, M.A. (2003) A systematic review of socioeconomic differences in food ha- bits in Europe: Consumption of cheese and milk. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 57(8), 917-929.
[23]	Groth, M.V., Fagt, S. and Brondsted, L. (2001) Social determinants of dietary habits in Denmark. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 55(11), 959-966.
[24]	Hulshof, K.F., Brussaard, J.H., Kruizinga, A.G., Telman, J. and Lowik, M.R. (2003) Socio-economic status, dietary intake and 10 y trends: The Dutch National Food Consumption Survey. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 57(1), 128-137.
[25]	Shahar, D., Shai, I., Vardi, H., Shahar, A. and Fraser, D. (2005) Diet and eating habits in high and low socioeconomic groups. Nutrition, 21, 559-566.
[26]	Roos, G., Johansson, L., Kasmel, A., Klumbiene, J. and Prattala, R. (2001) Disparities in vegetable and fruit consumption: European cases from the north to the south. Public Health Nutrition, 4(1), 35-43.
[27]	Irala-Estevez, J.D., Groth, M., Johansson, L., Oltersdorf, U., Prattala, R. and Martinez-Gonzalez, M.A. (2000) A systematic review of socio-economic differences in food habits in Europe: Consumption of fruit and vegetables. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 54(9), 706-714.
[28]	Galobardes, B., Morabia, A. and Bernstein, M.S. (2001) Diet and socioeconomic position: Does the use of different indicators matter? International Journal of Epidemiology, 30(2), 334-340.
[29]	Johansson, L.R., Solvoll, K., Bjorneboe, G.E. and Drevon, C.A. (1998) Intake of very-long-chain n-3 fatty acids related to social status and lifestyle. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 52(10), 716-721.
[30]	Roos, E., Prattala, R., Lahelma, E., Kleemola, P. and Pietinen, P. (1996) Modern and healthy: Socioeconomic differences in the quality of diet. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 50, 753-760.
[31]	Smith, A.M. and Baghurst, K.I. (1992) Public health implications of dietary differences between social status and occupational category groups. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 46(4), 409-416.
[32]	Barberger-Gateau, P., Jutand, M.A., Letenneur, L., Larrieu, S., Tavernier, B. and Berr, C. (2005) Correlates of regular fish consumption in French elderly community dwellers: Data from the Three-City study. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 59(7), 817-825.
[33]	Zoumas-Morse, C., Rock, C.L., Quintana, E.L., Neuhouser, M.L., Gerner, E.W. and Meyskens, F.L. (2007) Development of a polyamine database for assessing dietary intake. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 107(6), 1024-1027.
[34]	Bardocz, S., Duguid, T.J., Brown, D.S., Grant, G., Pusztai, A., White, A. and Ralph, A. (1995) The importance of dietary polyamines in cell regeneration and growth. British Journal of Nutrition, 73(6), 819-828.
[35]	Bosetti, C., Pelucchi, C. and La Vecchia, C. (2009) Diet and cancer in Mediterranean countries: Carbohydrates and fats. Public Health Nutrition, 12(Special Issue 9A), 1595- 1600.
[36]	Martinez-Gonzalez, M.A. and Sanchez-Villegas, A. (2004) The emerging role of Mediterranean diets in cardiovas- cular epidemiology: Monounsaturated fats, olive oil, red wine or the whole pattern? European Journal of Epidemiology, 19(1), 9-13.
[37]	Fung, T.T., Willett, W.C., Stampfer, M.J., Manson, J.E. and Hu, F.B. (2001) Dietary patterns and the risk of coronary heart disease in women. Archives of Internal Medicine, 161(15), 1857-1862.
[38]	Hu, F.B., Rimm, E.B., Stampfer, M.J., Ascherio, A., Spiegelman, D. and Willett, W.C. (2000) Prospective study of major dietary patterns and risk of coronary heart disease in men. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 72(4), 912-921.
[39]	Fung, T., Hu, F.B., Fuchs, C., Giovannucci, E., Hunter, D.J., Stampfer, M.J., Colditz, G.A. and Willett, W.C. (2003) Major dietary patterns and the risk of colorectal cancer in women. Archives of Internal Medicine, 163, 309-314.
[40]	Handa, K. and Kreiger, N. (2002) Diet patterns and the risk of renal cell carcinoma. Public Health Nutrition, 5(6), 757-767.
[41]	Chen, H., Ward, M.H., Graubard, B.I., Heineman, E.F., Markin, R.M., Potischman, N.A., Russell, R.M., Weisenburger, D.D. and Tucker, K.L. (2002) Dietary patterns and adeno - Carcinoma of the esophagus and distal stomach. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 75(1), 137-144.
[42]	Terry, P., Suzuki, R., Hu, F.B. and Wolk, A. (2001) A prospective study of major dietary patterns and the risk of breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 10, 1281-1285.
[43]	Terry, P., Hu, F.B., Hansen, H. and Wolk, A. (2001) Prospective study of major dietary patterns and colorectal cancer risk in women. American Journal of Epidemiology, 154(12), 1143-1149.
[44]	Slattery, M.L., Boucher, K.M., Caan, B.J., Potter, J.D. and Ma, K.N. (1998) Eating patterns and risk of colon cancer. American Journal of Epidemiology, 148(1), 4-16.
[45]	Schulze, M.B., Hoffmann, K., Kroke, A. and Boeing, H. (2003) Risk of hypertension among women in the EPIC- Potsdam Study: Comparison of relative risk estimates for exploratory and hypothesis-oriented dietary patterns. American Journal of Epidemiology, 158(4), 365- 373.
[46]	He, K., Rimm, E.B., Merchant, A., Rosner, B.A., Stampfer, M.J., Willett, W.C. and Ascherio, A. (2002) Fish consumption and risk of stroke in men. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 288(24), 3130-3136.
[47]	van Dam, R.M., Rimm, E.B., Willett, W.C., Stampfer, M.J. and Hu, F.B. (2002) Dietary patterns and risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus in U.S. men. Annals of Internal Medicine, 136(3), 201-209.