Comtinu

𝐊𝐞𝐲 𝐝𝐢𝐟𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝐛𝐞𝐭𝐰𝐞𝐞𝐧 𝐒𝐃𝐇 , 𝐃𝗪𝐃𝐌 , 𝐎𝐓𝐍 - 𝐃𝗪𝐃𝐌 is a multipelxing technology works with optical layer ( L0 ) Used to maxmize the use of optical fiber Use transponders , multiplexers and amplifiers to allow the signal converted from colourless to colored Then multiplex alot of data streams carried by different wavelengths to be transported over single fiber cable - 𝐎𝐓𝐍 is a Transport protocol works with electrical layer ( L1 ) It allow the mangment , electrical layer grooming , supervision of optical signals Its a frame format with high capacity allow transporting the traffic up to 800 Gbps The frame contains payload and overhead The frame consists of 3 layers : OPU ODU OTU - 𝐒𝐃𝐇 is a Transport protocol ( lower capacity than OTN ) Used to transport voice and data over optical fiber Support synchronous network Can transport pdh , Ethernet and other types of protocols Support frames from stm 1 with 155 mbps capacity till stm 256 with 40 gbps capacity Commonly we use : stm 1 : 155 mbps stm 4 : 622 mbps stm 16 : 2.5 gbps stm 64 : 10 gbps The frame contains payload ( up to 63 E1 ) & overhead layers as below : RSOH MSOH POH Pointer 🚀 Follow Comtinu for more! 🚀 Contact us on Sales@comtinu.com for DWDM - SDH - OTN test solutions and more! #DWDM #CWDM #fiberoptics #fiber #fttx #ftth #fibers #telecom #telecomengineering #telecommunications #fiberengineer #tech #education

𝟏𝟎 𝐓𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐬𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐦 𝐝𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐠𝐧 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐬 1- Cross Talk: Unwanted signal interference from adjacent channels or circuits, causing degradation in communication quality 2- Bit Error Ratio (BER): The ratio of erroneous bits to the total transmitted bits, indicating the accuracy of data transmission 3- Fading: Variations in signal strength due to changes in the transmission environment, often causing signal degradation 4- Receiver Sensitivity: The minimum signal power level a receiver can detect while maintaining acceptable performance, typically measured in dBm 5- Frequency Reuse: Reuse of the same frequency bands in different geographic locations within a cellular network to maximize spectrum efficiency 6- Space Diversity: A technique using multiple antennas at different locations to reduce signal fading and improve reception 7- Frequency Diversity: A method that transmits the same signal over multiple frequencies to mitigate the effects of fading or interference 8- Fade Margin: The extra signal power added above the minimum required to counteract potential signal fading and maintain reliable communication 9- OSNR (Optical Signal-to-Noise Ratio): The ratio of signal power to noise power in an optical system, indicating signal quality 10- Launched Power: The optical power level injected into a fiber optic cable from a transmitter, typically measured in dBm 🚀 Follow Comtinu for more! #telecom #telecommunications #telecomengineering #fiberoptics #fibers #ftta #ftth #fttx #tech #5G #rf

It's great to see smart troubleshooting taking place with the VIAVI OneAdvisor 800 and MTS-5800-100G 🚀 ☑️ Contact us on Sales@comtinu.com for more sales inquiries. ☑️ Check out the comment section below for more details. ☑️ Follow Comtinu for more! #TestandMeasurement #Viavi #Comtinu #fiber #ethernet #fiberoptic #fibers #telecom #telecomengineering #fiberengineer #FTTH #Fttx #dwdm #tech

Koinonia is showcasing VIAVI Solutions' testers with the support of our team at the Next Wave exhibition, Egypt, Cairo ICT 2024. 🚀 Meet KOINONIA ENTERPRISES at Cairo ICT to explore our products and for collaboration opportunities, we look forward to welcoming you! #telecom #engineering #telecoms #telecomengineering #fiberoptic #ftth #fttx #dwdm #fiber #fiberengineer #telecommunications

Don’t be one-sided. Inspecting BOTH sides of the #fiber connection is the only way to ensure that it will be free of contamination and defects and prevent cross-contamination. 🚀 For more fiber inspection & cleaning solutions, contact us at Sales@comtinu.com Check our website link in the first comment below! #fiberoptics #fibers #fiberinspection #ftth #fttx #dwdm #fiber #fiberengineering #fiberengineer #telecom #telecomengineering #telecommunications #telecoms

𝗜𝗻 𝗗𝗪𝗗𝗠 : - we use single mode fiber for long distance traffic transport - we use C band and L band because the lowest attenuation level - we use ROADMs for channels adding , dropping & pass through via WSS - we use coherent detection systems in case of long distance , High capacity and no need for DCM - we could achieve ultra high capacity on single channel like 100 , 200 , 400 Gbps or even higher in special cases - we use Qpsk & 16 Qam modulation for coherent detection systems - we use optical amplifiers for distance extending like EDFA & RAMAN , meanwhile EDFA add noise ASE - we use optical line protection and SNCP , MSP & MSP ring - we use OTN frame for data Transportation in L1 and mangment , the frame contains 3 layers ( OPU , ODU , OTU ) - we use CDC Roadms in case of higher traffic routing flexibility needed ( colourless , directionless , contentionless ) - we use flexgrid and fixed grid channels , for fixegrid the frequency spacing is fixed and predetermined like 50 & 100 Ghz - in flexgrid we could use variable spacing allows dynamic adjustment of channel spacing, making it much more efficient and scalable, especially in high-capacity optical networks. 🚀 Contact us on Sales@comtinu.com for more solutions for DWDM systems 🚀 Follow Comtinu for more! #telecom #telecommunications #telecomengineering #DWDM #CWDM #engineering #technology #tech #education #telecoms #fiberoptics #fibers #fttx #ftth

𝐒𝐑 , 𝐄𝐑 , 𝐙𝐑 , 𝐋𝐑, 𝐎𝐩𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐓𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐜𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐫s. 𝐋𝐞𝐭𝐬 𝐤𝐧𝐨𝐰 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐦! - first of all you should know that optical transceiver is a very important device in wdm system - we usually use optical modules to transport optical signals and convert electrical to optical and vice versa - we call it SFP : small form factor pluggable - there are alot of types and parameters you should look to choose the suitable one for the network design - sfp parameters like below : Receive sensitivity Tx power Temperature Wavelength Extinction ratio Bias current Data rate Insertion and return loss - Now lets have a look on the types of optical modules classified based on distance range 𝐕𝐒𝐑 : very short range , support up to 100 meter 𝐒𝐑 : short range , support around 300 meter on multimode fiber 𝐌𝐑 : medium range , up to 2 km 𝐋𝐑 , long range , works with single mode on 1310 nm and support up to 10 km 𝐄𝐑 : extended range , single mode too but with 1550 nm and support up to 40 km 𝐙𝐑 : ultra extended range support up to 80 km on single mode fiber 1550 SR4 , LR4 , ER4 use 4 lanes 25 G fiber 🚀 For more sales inquiries contact us at Sales@comtinu.com 🚀 Follow Comtinu for more! #optical #WDM #DWDM #FTTX #FTTH #fibers #fiberoptics #SFP #telecommunications #telecoms #telecomengineering #telecomengineer #engineering #technology #tech

🚀 A great capture of mixed evaluation testing in play. Get to know our #OTDR and #fiber characterization collection, link in the first comment below! For more sales inquiries, contact us at Sales@comtinu.com Follow Comtinu for more! #OTDR #VIAVI #Comtinu #fiberoptics #FTTH #FTTx #DWDM #fibers #telecom #telecommunications #telecomengineering #engineering #tech #technology

𝟕 𝐖𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐜𝐞𝐩𝐭𝐬 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐮𝐥𝐝 𝐤𝐧𝐨𝐰 1 - overshooting : is the problem when the transmit power from a cell or site reaches beyond its intended target range and this leads to interference 2 - Tilt is the way of control the beam range in Rf systems , we have multiple types like mechanical tilt and electrical tilt to control the beam up and down 3 - BBU : one of the main components in the RF system , it represents the digital part which responsible for base band processing, digital signal processing , coding , error correction , QAM , multiplexing and synchronisation , login and configuration , troubleshooting 4 - RRU : the 2nd main part , called remote radio unit or radio unit , could be installed beside antenna or in cabinet and it's responsible for signal power amplification and frequency up / down conversation 5 - Azimuth : it refers to the horizontal orientation or angle of the sector antenna where the main love radiation focused, it's important for sector and microwave antennas alignments 6 - RET : called remote electrical tilt , it allows us adjust the vertical angle of radiation remotely from NOC without physical intervention it's more flexible than mechanical tilt and could select specific technology or band for tilting 7 - beamforming : it's a technology allows us to control the beam of the antenna to be focused on specific direction or specific user equipment by controlling the phase & amplituderather than broadcasting it uniformly in all directions , Its used with 5G & LTE and helps improving Rf signal quality, reduce interference and enhance signal strength. 🚀 Follow Comtinu for more! #RF #wireless #telecom #telecommunications #engineering #RADIO #Telecom #telecomengineering

As #fiber networks migrate more towards MPO connectivity, technicians find that their legacy test tools are no longer sufficient for the job. Using tools not designed for MPO has introduced big challenges. Find the solution in the first comment below ⬇️ 🚀 Follow Comtinu for more! 🚀 For sales inquiries, contact us at Sales@comtinu.com #MPO #Fiberoptics #fibers #FTTH #DWDM #FTTx #fiber #engineering #telecomengineering #telecom #telecoms #telecoms #technology #tech