Guinea-bissau
Kiniya-Piso Kapolongan-Kitakit(幾內亞比索共和國; Potawya a sowla:República da Guiné-Bissau ; Roma a tilid:Gine-Bisaawo).
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]O itiraay i sa’etipay-Afrika a kitakit, o nano micowatan a kowan a Kiniya no Potawya. Isa’amisan malafiyaw ato Sayniciyar kitakit, isakawalian ato isakatimolan malafiyaw ato Kiniya, isaka’etipan miingid ato Tasiyang-Riyar. O tamdaw ira ko 1,600,000 tamdaw. o sasafaay ko kacaayan ka cemahaf a kitakit itini i hekal ko Kiniya-piso.
Rikisi(歷史)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot].svg)
I 1446 miheca milekal ko Potawya o malamicongacongay kitakit no Potawya ko Kiniya-Piso sanay, nikawrira, i‘ayaw no 1600 miheaan, mipatirngay to ko Potawya to kali’acaan to sapipaliwal to koli nani Kiniya-Piso tayra i Witociyaw(維德角:Potawya a sowal:Cabo Verde). Itiya ho talacowa milekal ko Potawya o polong no Kiniya-Piso cisalongocay to sakowan saan, nikawrira, o malaheciay a makowan cowa ka hakowa ko taliyok.
Tahira to i saka 19 sici, malowand to ko ‘etan no pipaliwal to koli siwar sato ko Potawya pasitira i laloma’ no korapaw mikilim to sakaci’eten a tayal. O picowat no Potawya pasilaloma’an cowa ka kali’eki, nawhani ira ko pitoker no tao. Roma sato i,macacoli ato Ikiris a mala’afas to Bolama sera, mihidefong ko congton no Amirika ci Yulis-Kolanto(尤利西斯·S·格蘭特; Ikiris a sowal:Ulysses S. Grant), ikor to malo malamicongacongay kitakit no Potawya saan ko piketon to sowal.
1915 mihecaan ko kalahecian no pida’econg no Potawya to sapicowataw mikowan, ira ko malalakay a mitokeray, i 1936 miheca mapaterep ko mitokeray a demak. I 1941 miheca linahen ko syoto tatapangan niyaro’ nani Polama tayra i Piso.
1952 miheca misalof to kinpo tatapangan-rikec no kitakit, oya malamicongacongay kitakit no Potawya a ngangan falicen to “ipapotalay-sera no Potawya” hananay.
I 1956 miheca mapatireng ko kasafelaw no sieci “Kiniya ato Witociya misikeday kasafelaw no Saka’etipay Afrika”. I 1961 miheca ona kasafelaw no sieci misatapang to a misopsop to tamdaw to sapitokeraw to Potawya, talacowa mitongal to sofitay ko Potawya to 3 ‘ofad 5 patek ko sofitay, oya kasafelaw no sieci matongalmatongal ko mikapotay a tamdaw. 1968 mihec ona “Kiniya ato Witociya misikeday kasafelaw no Saka’etipay Afrika” ma’aro to nangra ko kakahaday a pala.
1973 miheca saka 9 folad saka 24 romi’ad milekal to pisiiked ko Kiniya-Piso. Toya miheca saka 11 folad, mitopa ko Linheko 93 ko mihayiay 7 ko milalangay, mihayiay ko ‘alomanay to pisiiked no Kiniya-Piso.[1]
1974 miheca saka 9 folad saka 10 romi’ad malahecice ko pisiiked no Kiniya-Piso nani Potawya.
1980 miheca oya i’ayaway a congli kakeridan no sifo ci Loang-Pirnato-Wiayla(若昂·貝爾納多·維埃拉;Potawya a sowal:João Bernardo Vieira),midemak to Paka'icelay-Pifelih to Sifo. Tocila a mihecaan i 1981 miheca saka 11 folad tahira i 1984 miheca saka 5 folad malakakeridan no Milololay-Inkay mikowan to kitakit. 1984 miheca oya
mitekeday-kasafelaw milaheci a misanga’ to fa’elohay a kinpo tatapangan-rikec no kitakit, maala no sinkiw malacongtong to ikor. Do’edoen kona kinpo o congtong mitokeleday malakakeridan no kitakit atono sifo, o kakeridan no kasafelaw no sieci ato tapang no sofitay. 1983, 1985 ato 193 miheca parariday a ira ko lihaf to sapifelihaw to nikalatapang ni Wiayla.
1994 miheca midemak to sarakatay a Adihayay-Kasafelaw a contong ato kiing no lomaocan no kitakit. 1998 miheca irako kafodfod no sofitay sakalaloodan han to no lalomaan no kitakit, to cila a mihecaan i 1999 miheca malaplap ci Wiayla congtong. 2000 miheca misinkiw to congtong ci Angpa-Yala(Kumba Ialá) ko malacongtongay. 2003 miheca mifelih to sifo ko kakeridan no sofitay ci Wilisimon-Koroyya-Sayyapola(Veríssimo Correia Seabra) paliten ci Angpa-Yala congtong, o sakasaan i “ci AAngpa- Yala cowa to kapakafilo a misongila to demak” , o sinkiw to Kalomaocan-nokitakit papanayal han to, ikor to i, i 2004 miheca saka 3 folad a misinkiw.
2004 miheca saka 10 folad mapatay ko kafodfodan no sofitay ko kakeridan no sofitay ci Sanyapola ato roma a tamdaw, kalalalengatan han to no karawraw no kitakit.
2005 miheca ska 6 folad misinkiw to naikoran ni Angpa-Yala, mikapot ci Angpa-Yala tona sinkiw, saikoray to i, oya ‘ayaway a congtong ci Wiayla ko maalaay malacongtong.
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2007 miheca saka 4 folad saka9 romi’ad, toro’en ni Wiayla congtong ci Martino-Tafa-Kapi malacongli.[2]
2009 miheca saka 3 folad saka1 romi’ad o tata’angay loma’ to pikademan mapakohac mapatay ko midamaay a kakeridan no sofitay ci Nawai, o nicorcoran no congtogn ko nipatayay saan ko sofitay polong sato a kowang to kamaro’an no congtong a loma’ a mipatay to congtong ci Loang-Pirnato-Wiayla, o congli tapang no sifo ci Kalos-Komis ato komong no sifo ci Roys-Santka ko mipaso’elinay tokapatay no congtong.saka 3 fplad saka 3 romi’ad tala’ayaw sato a maro’ ko pacarcaray a congtong ci Roymonto-Piroyla(雷蒙多·佩雷拉;Potawya a sowal:Raimundo Pereira).milekal cingra a misetek to sowal do’edoen ako ko kinpo i laloma’ no 60 romi’ad midemak to pisinkiw to fa’elohay congtong misocok to tayal no kakeridan no kitakit saan.tona miheca saka 9 folad saka 8 folad fa’elohay a malacongtong ci Malan-Pakayi-Saniya maro’ i katayalan no congtong.
2012 miheca saka 1 folad mapatay ci Malan-Pakayi-Saniya congtong to adada, o tapang no kalomaocan-nokitakit ci Roymonto-Piroyla malapacarcaray a congtong. Ska 3 folad midemak to sinkiw no congtong. I saka 4 folad saka 12 romi’ad mipakokot ko milololay sofitay milowanan no sifo ko payso no sofitay saan a mifelih to sifo, paliteng nangra ko pacarcaray congtong ci Roymonto-Piroyla, i’ayaway a kakeridan no sifo congli, sapiliyawaw a misinkiw ci Kalos-Komis ato roma a tapang no sifo. Saka 4 folad saka 18 romi’ad, ona milololay-sofitay ato mifelihay-kasafelaw masasowal a matatilid, lekal sato to pipalasawad to polong katayalan no sifo, tona ikor o pacarcaran to tosa a ihecaan saan, malepon to kona pacarcaran a romi’ad ta midemak to sinkiw to congtong ato kiing no kalomaocan-nokitakit.[3]
Kaitiraan(地理)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]Itirray i saka’etipan no Afrika ko Kiniya-Piso, mahaop ko Pirokos-Kanatanatal(Bijagos Archipelago), isaka’etipan misi’ayaw to Tasiyang, ka’amis malafiyaw ato Saniciyar, isakawalian ato isakatimolan miingid to Kiniya. O polong a sera ira ko 36,120km², o lislis no riyar ira ko 350 km ko to’edaw, o poco’ no taporo ira ko 262 laya’, iskawalian o fa’edetay a matakaray a rengorengosan(savanna) ’akawangay ko pala, o roma i, sahetoay o lislis no riyar a dafdaf.
Kiniya-Piso o fa’edetay a riyariyaran-kakarayan. i saka 6 folad tahira i saka 11 folad o kafodo’an a kakarayan. o safalat ko fali. Nani saka 12 folad tahira i saka 5 folad o kakedalan, o hamatan(harmattan) a lifes ko fali.
Saka’orip(經濟)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]O nitoro’an no Linheko o cecay no sasafaay ko kacaayan ka cemahaf a kitakit itini i hekal ko Kiniya-piso. O liomah ato pifoting ko sakakaay saka’orip no tamtamdaw. I 1998 miheca tahira i 2000 mihecaan a lalood i laloma’an tada tata’ang ko kapelpel no nipatirengan dafong ato makari’ang ko saka’orip.
Ikor tono 2013 mihecaan, matongal ko kaciheci no kasatefi’an, malasaka’enem ko rayray i hekal a kitakit. o nipaliwalan i roma a kitakit a foting ato mamang a kodasing, ongangil-nonanges ato kilang. O sakakaay a kaka’enen no Kiniya-Piso o panay.
O kiyam no Kiniya-Piso malawisay to ko 16 ’ok no Amirika-Payso(2020 mihecaan a sa’osi)
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Tamdaw(人口)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]Tahira i 2009 miheca saka 3 folad a pisa’osi to tamdaw no Kiniya-Piso ira ko 1,548,159 ko tamdaw, i 2017 mihecaan tahiraay to 190 ‘ofad ko tamdaw, o itinitiniay a kaohetingay tamdaw mahaop ko 99%, oninian i,makinatoloay ho ‘isalen, o maro’ay i saka’amisan ato isaka’amisan no sakawali a Fula tamdaw ato o Mandinka ko sowal a tamdaw, sakatolo o maro’ay i sakatimolan a lislis no riyar a Balanta ato Papel tamdaw ato maro’ay isifan ato saka’amisan kiskis no riyar a Manjaco ato Mancanha tamdaw, ilaloma’ nonini o “ itinitiniay ko ‘orip a kahetingay-finacadan”, ma’isal ho to 27 kasasiroma a finacadan, ilaloma’ no nini o Palanto tamdaw 27 %, Fula-tamdaw 23%, Mantinko-tamdaw 12%, o roma i, Molato-tamdaw( o maramramay ko ‘irang no kahetingay tamdaw ato Potawya tamdaw a teloc, Molato hananay a mitahidang). Cowa ka hakowa ko so’elinay a Potawya tamdaw, nawhani, yo misiiked ko Kiniya-Piso nani Porawya-Micowatan Kowan maforaway to ko Potawya tamdaw.
O katongal no fosoc no mihecaan ira ko 2.07%. tada’akawangay ko nikalecad no sofoc, 1000 tamdaw ira ko 49.92ko masofocay wawa, palalenen o cecay a fafahiyan ira ko 7.56 ko wawa. Nikawrira, nikalecad no mapatayay ’akawangay to, 1000 ko tamdaw ira ko 16.53% ko mapatayay. O ’orip no Kiniya-Piso tada’amoto’ay pasatili’en to Comahaday-Kitakit, o pali’ayaw a misa’osi tono fainayan a ’orip ‘edengan 45.05 miheca, no fafahiyan 49.75 miheca.
Sowal ato Punka(語言和文化)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]Mahaop ko 44% a tamdaw o Keriyol a sowal(paramram hananay ko masasiromaromaay a sowal) nawhani, tadatalolong ko pirecep no sowal no Potawya toya Keriyol sowal(克里奧爾語; Ikiris a sowal:Creole Lan.guage ano ca Creole), ’edengan 14% a tamdaw o sifoan a Potawya-sowal ko kalosowal, oroma sahetoay ono Afrika-sowla ko kalosowal to romi’ami’ad.
Latek ira ko 50% a tamdaw mitooray to to’asan-pitooran. Nahaop ko 45% no polong a tamdaw mitooray to Islam-Pitooran, o sakakaay a mitooray o Fula-tamdaw ato o Mantinkosowal a tamdaw, 5% mitooray to Keristo-Pitooran, I laloma’ nonini sahaetoay o Tinsikiw.
Adihay ko radiw ato macacawiay a Ngunpa radiw no Kiniya-Piso, ona Ngunpa o tahapinangan no radiwa no Kiniya-Piso, nikawrira, cilacila marawraw ko kitakit malowan ko romadiway ato mitengeilay a tamdaw.
O toto’ ko sakakaay a datok nona kitakit, o sakaromadiw to kahemaway ato masasifeday radiw. O keriyol-sowal ko sapisanga’ to radiw, orasaka, ma’angaay, mikakafitay to aniniay a ‘orip, mangalef o Ayci-Adada.
Ngunpa o polong a radiw no Kiniya-Piso ko nisowalan, o maramramay a cisafaway a kasasiroma a finacadan a to’asan ato mitekeday a radiw, o Tina ato Tinga ko malenakay radiw.
Pacefaday a tilid(註腳)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]- ↑ Guinea-Bissau. World Economic Outlook Database. International Monetary Fund (IMF). April 2022 [2022-07-27]. （原始內容存檔於2022-07-27） （英語）.
- ↑ 陳順，幾內亞比索總統任命新總理，新華網
- ↑ 安理會要求幾內亞比索政變軍方恢復合法政府 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館），鳳凰網
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