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Methods for monitoring the impact of drill cuttings contaminated with OBMs in marine environments have been developed. They are based on the analysis of benthic fauna,on chemical analysis of the sediments, or onecotoxicological tests on the marine macrofauna (Jorissen et al., 2009). Benthos refers to all living organisms on the sea floor. Pollution by oily drill cuttings has a range of impacts on the marine environment, in particular the benthic fauna (Jorissen et al., 2009). These are: ●    Degradation of the oil in thebenthic environment, giving anincreased availability of organic compounds. ●    Increase in the oxygen demand by thesediment, which can result in strongly hypoxic, or even anoxic conditions. ●    In the presence of sulfides, the combination of various stress factors may ultimately cause a total disappearance of the benthic fauna. It has been found that benthic foraminifera are suitable bioindicators of the anthropogenic enrichment in open marineregions (Mojtahid et al., 2006). They respond by an increase in the density of a number of tolerant or opportunis­tic taxa, and a progressive disappearance of more sensitive taxa. Large-sized taxa appear to bemore sensitive than smaller foraminiferaltaxa (Jorissen et al., 2009). Most of the cuttings discharged from welldrilling contain WBMs rather than oil-based or synthetic muds, which are assumed to cause only marginal effects on the benthos. However, an experimental study revealed a significant reduc­tion in the number of taxa,abundance, biomass, and diversity ofmacrofauna as the thickness of deposited drill cuttings increased. This phenomenon was not observed for natural sediment particles (Trannum et al., 2010). It is therefore recommended that the opinion that water-based drill cuttings only cause sedi­mentation, i.e., burial effects, be reconsidered as the cuttings initiate a typical eutrophication response in the sediment (Trannum et al., 2010). #Globechem #oilandgas #chemical #chemicalindustry #oilandgasindustry #waterfiltration #watermanagement #gashydratecontrol #wax #depostion #lubricants #oil #gas

There are a number of options available totreat and dispose of oil-based drilling mud (OBM) drilling wastes, including land spreading and landfilling (Street and Guigard, 2009). Supercritical fluid extraction has also been used to treat this waste (Eppig et al., 1984). This is an extraction technique that uses substances at or above their critical pressure and temperature as solvents. Supercritical carbon dioxide can remove the base oil from drilling waste, with extraction efficiencies of upto 98%. The hydrocarbons are unchanged by the extraction, meaning they may be recovered and potentially reused (Street and Guigard, 2009). #Globechem #oilandgas #chemical #chemicalindustry #oilandgasindustry #waterfiltration #watermanagement #gashydratecontrol #wax #depostion #lubricants #oil #gas

Biodegradability may be expressed in terms of Battersby(2005): ●    Carbon dioxide evolution. ●    Oxygen consumption. ●    Loss of parent material. Test methods for assessing thebiodegradability of environmentallyaccept­able lubricants have been criticallyreviewed and discussed. Examples aregiven, which show how confusion canarise through the use of different testmethods. It is recommended that the term “biodegradable” for an environmentally acceptable lubricant should only be used when the net amount of CO2 produc­tionover 28 days, tested according to theOECD test Guideline 301 B, is at least 60% of the theoretical maximum (Battersby, 2005). The CEC L-33-T-82 biodegradability oil CEC L-33-A-934 test is a widely recommended method for assessing the biodegradability of oil products (Battersby et al., 1994). This test applies to most organic compounds, and determines the overall biodegradability of hydrocarbons. The ASTM D-5864 standard (ASTM, 2010) is similar to a modified Sturm test (Sturm, 1973), and measures the degree of aerobic aquatic biodegradation of fully formulated lubricants or their components, on exposure to an inocu­lum under laboratory conditions. A good positive relationship has been shown between biodegradation in the CEC L-33-T-82 standard and the mineraliza­tion to CO2 in a modified Sturm test. A mathematical model describes these correlations (Battersby et al., 1992). #Globechem #oilandgas #chemical #chemicalindustry #oilandgasindustry #waterfiltration #watermanagement #gashydratecontrol #wax #depostion #lubricants #oil #gas

The remediation of mud-polluted drilling sites is very important for the oil industry, and field trials have been undertaken in the Southeast of Mexico in order to find a technology to remediate such sites. Polluted material was composted in biopiles, of one ton. Some nutrients andstraw were added to these piles toestablish the required ratio of carbon to nitrogen and phosphor. A control pile was also constructed and monitored. Compared to the control pile, after a period of 180 d the concentration of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) in the test piles decreased by a much higher extent (Rojas-Avelizapa et al., 2007). Gas chromatography studies indicated the presence of alkyl dibenzothio­phenes. The highest bacterial populations were observed during the first 30 d. These correlated with highest rate TPH removal, whereas the number of fungi increased at the end of the experiment (Rojas-Avelizapa et al., 2007). #Globechem #oilandgas #chemical #chemicalindustry #oilandgasindustry #waterfiltration #watermanagement #gashydratecontrol #wax #depostion #lubricants #oil #gas

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The shale inhibition properties of polyol-containing water-based drilling mud (WBM)can be enhanced by the incorporation ofpotassium salts, e.g., potassium chloride, possibly in combination with gypsum. The use of potassium can present waste disposal problems, however, and there are certain regions, e.g., The Gulf of Mexico, where the discharge of potassium into the environment is prohibited, or severely restricted. The use of a potassium-containing WBM can also present problemsin land drilling due to contamination of ground water (Reid et al., 2003). #Globechem #oilandgas #chemical #chemicalindustry #oilandgasindustry #waterfiltration #watermanagement #gashydratecontrol #wax #depostion #lubricants #oil #gas

There are monographs about environmental technology in the oil industry available in the literature (Orszulik, 2008), and cumulative data regarding dis­posed chemicals have been compiled (Environmental Report, 2008; Hudgins, 1994). Waste disposal presents problems thatare location-specific. For example, in Kuwait the problem of hydrocarbon wastemanagement is complex because the country experienced a uniqueenvironmental catastrophe as a result ofthe 1991 Gulf War (Uddin et al., 2009). #Globechem #oilandgas #chemical #chemicalindustry #oilandgasindustry #waterfiltration #watermanagement #gashydratecontrol #wax #depostion #lubricants #oil #gas

Oxyethylated Alkyl Phenol A solution of a surfactant mixture in liquid paraffin, containing an oil-soluble, oxyethylated alkyl phenol, with a C8–C12alkyl group, an alkyl phosphate of a higher fatty acid alcohol (RO)2>PO−OH where R is C10 to C20, and a fatty acid amide of diethanol amine, was found to be suitable for removing oils and petroleumproducts from water surfaces (Chaplanovet al., 1992). The composition has low toxicity, is not inactivated by freezing, and has high biological activity, stimulating the growth ofmicroflora and giving 80–83% dispersionin 5 min.   Sorbitan Oleates for Oil Slicks Dispersant compositions for the treatmentof oil spills at the surface of the water consist of a mixture of water, a hydrocarbon solvent, and a mixture of sur­factants consisting of 55–65% of emulsifiers and 35–45% of dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate. The emulsifying agentsconsist of a mixture of various sorbitan oleates (Charlier, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991).   Fatty Alcohols Petroleum spillages can be removed from water surfaces more efficiently with thefollowing detergent mixture, whichcontains mainly oxyethylate fatty C10 to C20 alcohols and additional oxyethylatedfatty C11 to C17 acids with an oxyethy-lene chain length of one to two units(Sulejmanov et al., 1993). It is used in the form of an aqueous 20–25% emulsion, which is sprayed onto a contaminated surface. #Globechem #oilandgas #chemical #chemicalindustry #oilandgasindustry #waterfiltration #watermanagement #gashydratecontrol #wax #depostion #lubricants #oil #gas

Ground water contaminant plumes fromaccidental gasoline releases often con­tain methyl tert-butyl ether. Experiments with certain soil microorganisms showed that a culture able to degrade methyl tert-butyl ether did not degrade benzene and toluene. Further interactions were observed (Deeb et al., 2001). #Globechem #oilandgas #chemical #chemicalindustry #oilandgasindustry #waterfiltration #watermanagement #gashydratecontrol #wax #depostion #lubricants #oil #gas