Tar (tobacco residue)
Tar is the name for the resinous, combusted particulate matter made by the burning of tobacco and other plant material in the act of smoking. Tar is toxic and damages the smoker's lungs over time through various biochemical and mechanical processes.[1] Tar also damages the mouth by rotting and blackening teeth, damaging gums, and desensitizing taste buds. Tar includes the majority of mutagenic and carcinogenic agents in tobacco smoke. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), for example, are genotoxic and epoxidative.[2]
Cigarette companies in the United States, when prompted to give tar/nicotine ratings for cigarettes, usually use "tar", in quotation marks, to indicate that it is not the road surface component. Tar is occasionally referred to as an acronym for total aerosol residue,[3] a backronym coined in the mid-1960s.[4]
Tar, when in the lungs, coats the cilia causing them to stop working and eventually die, causing conditions such as lung cancer as the toxic particles in tobacco smoke are no longer trapped by the cilia but enter the alveoli directly. [citation needed] Thus, the alveoli cannot come through with the process that is called 'gas exchange' which is the cause of rough breathing.[citation needed]
Cannabis when burned also creates residue that is very similar to the "tar" created by tobacco smoke.[5]
Long-term effects
[edit]Lung cancer
[edit]One of the most well known diseases caused by smoking is lung cancer. A few carcinogens commonly found in tar include benzene, acrylamide and acrylonitrile. Smoking exposes delicate cells inside the lungs directly to these compounds. This causes mutations in the DNA of the cells, which leads to cancer. According to the World Health Organization's report, "Tobacco Smoke and Involuntary Smoking", 80 percent of all cases of lung cancer are attributable to smoking.[6]
Third-hand smoking and its effects
[edit]Third-hand smoke is residual nicotine and other chemicals left on a variety of indoor surfaces by tobacco smoke. This residue reacts with indoor pollutants to create a toxic mix. Containing cancer-causing substances, this third-hand smoke poses a potential health hazard to nonsmokers who are exposed to it, especially children.
Studies have shown that third-hand smoke clings to many things such as hair, skin, clothes, furniture, drapes, walls, bedding, carpets, dust, vehicles and other surfaces, even long after smoking has stopped[citation needed]. Individuals at risk such as infants, children and nonsmoking adults may suffer tobacco-related health problems when they inhale, ingest or touch substances containing third-hand smoke. Third-hand smoke is a relatively new concept, and researchers are still studying its possible dangers.
Third-hand smoking can be a serious concern, as it affects other people's health. In a house, the tobacco residue of the smoke can build up on surfaces over time. Unfortunately, excess smoke can not be removed just by airing out rooms and opening windows.[7] Scientists have reported that third-hand smoke may cause up to 60 percent of the harm caused by regular exposure to smoke.[8]
Second-hand smoking vs third-hand smoking
[edit]Second-hand smoking (SHS) is a combination of sidestream smoke (i.e., smoke emitted from the burning cigarette, pipe, or cigar) and the mainstream smoke exhaled from the lungs of smokers. It contains more than 4,000 chemicals, many of which are known to affect health. These may include ammonia, acrolein, carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide, nicotine, nitrogen oxides, arsenic, and sulfur dioxide, many of which contain irritants and toxicants to the eye and respiratory tract.
Third-hand smoking (THS) consists of residual tobacco smoke pollutants that remain on surfaces and in dust after tobacco has been smoked, are re-emitted into the gas phase, or react with oxidants and other compounds in the environment to yield secondary pollutants. Chemicals of tobacco smoking include nicotine, 3-ethenylpyridine (3-EP), phenol, cresols, naphthalene, formaldehyde, and tobacco-specific nitrosamines (including some not found in freshly-emitted tobacco smoke).[9]
References
[edit]- ^ Nicole Wolverton (Sep 2, 2010), Effects of Tar in Cigarette Smoke, Livestrong, retrieved Jan 16, 2013
- ^ Luch, A. (2005), The Carcinogenic Effects of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Imperial College Press, ISBN 978-1-86094-417-8
- ^ "Cigarette Manufacturer and Production - British American Tobacco Malaysia - Tar and Nicotine". Archived from the original on 2007-12-23.
- ^ British American tobacco (21 September 1966). "Minutes of the 32nd Meeting of the Chemistry Study Group".
- ^ Tomar, Rajpal C.; Beaumont and Hsieh (August 2009). "Evidence on the carcinogenicity of marijuana smoke" (PDF). Reproductive and Cancer Hazard Assessment Branch Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 23 June 2012.
- ^ Hornby, Sydney. "The Effects of Tar in Smoking".
- ^ "Thirdhand smoke: What are the dangers to nonsmokers? - Mayo Clinic". www.mayoclinic.org. Retrieved 2015-04-17.
- ^ Sleiman, Mohamad; Logue, Jennifer M.; Luo, Wentai; Pankow, James F.; Gundel, Lara A.; Destaillats, Hugo (November 18, 2014). "Inhalable Constituents of Thirdhand Tobacco Smoke: Chemical Characterization and Health Impact Considerations" (PDF). Environmental Science & Technology. 48 (22): 13093–13101. doi:10.1021/es5036333. ISSN 0013-936X. PMID 25317906. S2CID 31844788.
- ^ Matt, Georg E.; Quintana, Penelope J. E.; Destaillats, Hugo; Gundel, Lara A.; Sleiman, Mohamad; Singer, Brett C.; Jacob, Peyton; Benowitz, Neal; Winickoff, Jonathan P.; Rehan, Virender; Talbot, Prue; Schick, Suzaynn; Samet, Jonathan; Wang, Yinsheng; Hang, Bo; Martins-Green, Manuela; Pankow, James F.; Hovell, Melbourne F. (2011). "EHP – Thirdhand Tobacco Smoke: Emerging Evidence and Arguments for a Multidisciplinary Research Agenda". Environmental Health Perspectives. 119 (9): 1218–1226. doi:10.1289/ehp.1103500. PMC 3230406. PMID 21628107. Retrieved 2015-04-17.