¿Por qué debería integrar fuentes de energía renovables en su red eléctrica?

Acredito que o podemos acelerar a agenda da transição energetica com o conceito da Energia 4 D. - (D)escarbonizada (Fontes Renováveis) - (D)escentralizada (Gerando perto da carga) - (D)iversificada (mais de uma fonte de geração) - (D)igital (Inteligência e Monitoramento) Nesta nova abordagem as baterias e armazenamento é o centro da Energia 4D.

Renewable energy provides a promising path toward a more environmentally friendly future. However, its benefits go beyond just reducing emissions. One area of particular excitement is the development of green hydrogen. Produced by using renewable electricity to split water molecules, green hydrogen offers a clean and versatile fuel source. It can be utilised in hard-to-decarbonize sectors, heavy transport, and industrial processes, assisting in the decarbonisation of sectors traditionally reliant on fossil fuels. As renewable energy continues to grow, the potential of green hydrogen to create a truly sustainable energy system will also increase.

Environmental Impact: Reduces emissions and pollution, helping combat climate change. Energy Security: Lessens dependency on imported fuels, enhancing stability. Economic Benefits: Creates jobs and is cost-effective as technology costs decrease. Regulatory Compliance: Meets government mandates for renewable integration. Sustainability: Provides a long-term, sustainable energy supply. Grid Resilience: Increases resilience through distributed energy sources. Public Perception: Boosts company image as environmentally responsible. These points underscore the strategic and practical advantages of using renewable energy in power grids.

First thing that comes to mind is environmental pollution. However, in the current scenario, energy security is also a major concern. Renewable energy increases independence and promotes local employment. Additionally, with drastically reduced LCOE costs of renewables, some even competing with fossil fuels, the consumption cost for consumers is reduced. With the new infrastructure of renewable energy, integration of modern metering (e.g. blockchain) is more effective. One major drawback is the unpredictability of solar and wind, which can be easily compensated for by renewable biogas or hydrogen. Lastly, with the introduction of Renewable Energy many start-ups are generated providing direct and indirect employment in multiple sectors.

Most construction sites deploy diesel gensets to power the tower cranes and other equipment. A 500kVa generator running at 20% capacity for 8 hours a day could emit around 438,000 kg of CO2 per year. To offset this polluting effect we need to plant ~20,000 trees. Now, we have around 9,000 diesel generators in UAE. Imagine we remove them and replace with clean and sustainable power - batteries that can do the same work. Hypr utilizes 423kWh batteries charged at solar farms to give uninterrupted power to construction sites. Each of our batteries replaces a diesel genset, each of our batteries equals 20,000 of trees. This is how renewable energy can help decarbonize polluting operations.

Many of today’s electricity grids were designed in the 20th Century when there was limited distributed energy capacity. One of the main challenge is the variability and unpredictability of renewables. To manage this variability, power grid operators need to develop forecasting models that can accurately predict renewable generation based on weather patterns. Smart energy management solutions such as forecasts powered by artificial intelligence can improve prediction systems, and along with battery storage systems, can help power grid operators balance electricity supply and demand so that grids remain stable. Other challenges are the grid modernization and security threats

A primary issue is their inherent volatility: solar and wind power, the mainstays of renewable energy, are by nature intermittent and unpredictable. This variability complicates the maintenance of a steady energy supply, necessitating advanced energy storage solutions and enhanced grid flexibility. Additionally, significant investments in infrastructure and technology are required to effectively incorporate these sources into the existing power grid. Adapting energy markets and regulations to accommodate the unique characteristics of renewable energies is also a critical task to fully leverage their potential and ensure a sustainable energy transition.

I would categorize the challenges into three categories. 1. Technical Challenges: Renewable energy faces intermittency issues due to weather dependence and requires grid upgrades for integration. 2. Financial Challenges: High upfront costs and limited access to affordable financing hinder widespread adoption, exacerbated by policy uncertainty. 3. Policy Challenges: Inconsistent policies and political instability create barriers, affecting market competitiveness and investor confidence.

I donot think that extra renewable energy generated can be used for Green Hydrogen production, as processing for generation of Hydrogen by Electrolysis need continuous 24-7 power supply.No intermittent supply will do the job.

Hydrogen is a promising solution for grid flexibility when combined with renewable energy sources like solar and wind because these sources produce energy that fluctuates. Energy Storage: Excess renewable energy can be utilised to create hydrogen via electrolysis, which stores the energy as a gas. When there's less renewable energy generation, this hydrogen can be converted back to electricity in fuel cells to even out the fluctuations in the grid. Long-term Storage: Unlike batteries, hydrogen can be stored for long periods, enabling seasonal energy shifts. During high solar production, hydrogen can be generated and stored, then used for power generation during winter months with lower solar output.

I would like to add perspective in addition to the points above. - Grid flexibility is crucial for integrating renewable energy sources into power grids. - It involves adapting to changes in demand and supply to maintain reliability and stability. - Achieved through various resources and solutions like energy storage, demand response, smart grid, interconnection, and market design.

Another way to increase grid flexibility can be through devising a dynamic tariff structure aligned with effective EV policy. The EVs can be charged at a cheaper rate when excessive renewable is available and discharged at times when the grid needs energy, during peak hours. Also, locational rates for EVs may also be devised to synch with the variability of RE in different regions of the grid.

Grid flexibility can be achieved by creating more of energy storage technology. Pump storage hydroelectric plant is one of the option to create largest storage. With regard to hydrogen as a storage, only concern will be on the round trip efficiency with only about 60% conversion factor. There will be significant losses associated in converting hydrogen back to electricity. Hopefully, with technological advancement in this field can help improve the efficiency.

Combine Hydrogen generation with small scale, next generation, 'green nuclear': problem solved. The U.S. Navy already has the nuclear part down.

An opportunity not to be neglected is the potential for bidirectional charging of electric vehicles (EVs). This technology not only allows EVs to be charged using renewable energy but also enables these vehicles to feed energy back into the grid during peak demand times. This capability transforms EVs into mobile energy storage units, further enhancing grid flexibility and making renewable integration more efficient and resilient.

Energy storage technologies work by converting renewable energy to and from another form of energy. These are some of the different technologies used to store electrical energy that’s produced from renewable sources: - pumped hydroelectricity energy storage - battery energy storage (Lithium-ion battery, flow battery, ...) - thermal energy storage - mechanical energy storage (compressed air energy storage, flywheel energy storage, etc) - hydrogen electrolysis, produces hydrogen gas by passing surplus electrical current through a chemical solution. This hydrogen gas is then compressed to be stored. When needed, this process can be reversed to produce electricity from the stored hydrogen.

Pumped Hydro: Stores energy by pumping water uphill, crucial for peak demand; notable in Switzerland, Portugal, Austria. Batteries: Convert chemical energy to electricity; e.g., Moss Landing Energy Storage Facility in California. Thermal Energy Storage: Stores excess energy for heating, cooling, power; projected triple growth by 2030. Mechanical Energy Storage: Utilizes motion or gravity for energy balance. Green Hydrogen: Produced through electrolysis of water, carbon-neutral fuel potential, utilizes surplus renewable electricity.

let us make an example, a utility company in a wind-rich region utilizes large-scale battery storage to address intermittent wind patterns. When wind speeds are high and generation exceeds local demand, excess electricity charges the batteries. During periods of low wind or increased demand, the stored energy is discharged to supplement grid supply, ensuring consistent power availability. This setup not only stabilizes grid frequency and voltage but also enhances overall grid reliability by mitigating the variability of renewable energy sources. By strategically deploying battery storage, the utility optimizes renewable energy integration, showcasing the importance of energy storage technologies in modern power grids.

Demand response is pivotal for integrating renewable energy into the grid, offering flexibility for balance. It incentivizes consumers to adjust electricity consumption based on grid conditions, aiding grid stability by shifting demand during peak periods. It's crucial as grids rely more on variable generation. Mechanisms include price-based and incentive-based programs. Demand response contributes to ancillary services, enhancing grid reliability. Programs include direct load control, time-of-use pricing, critical peak pricing, and real-time pricing. Together with energy storage, demand response fosters a resilient and sustainable energy system.

Demand response mechanisms play a crucial role in balancing renewable energy integration within power grids. For instance, during periods of high solar generation in a residential area equipped with smart meters, a utility implements time-of-use pricing. This encourages consumers to shift their electricity usage to daylight hours when solar output is abundant and grid demand is lower. As a result, residential air conditioning units and electric vehicle chargers operate more during the day, reducing evening peak loads and aligning consumption with renewable energy availability. This proactive approach not only optimizes grid utilization but also supports renewable energy utilization without compromising consumer comfort or convenience.

A smart grid is an electricity network that uses digital and other advanced technologies to monitor and manage the transport of electricity from all generation sources to meet the varying electricity demands of end users. Smart grid technology is enabling the effective management and distribution of renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydrogen. The smart grid connects a variety of distributed energy resource assets to the power grid. By leveraging the Internet of Things (IoT) to collect data on the smart grid, utilities are able to quickly detect and resolve service issues through continuous self-assessments.

I discuss Grid Congestion Relief and Power-to-Gas (P2G) that are not discussed above: Grid Congestion Relief: Electrolysers are devices that produce hydrogen through electrolysis. They can be used as controllable loads on the grid. During periods of high electricity production, excess energy can be diverted to power electrolysers, reducing strain on the grid and potentially lowering electricity prices. Power-to-Gas (P2G): This concept utilises surplus renewable energy to produce hydrogen, which is then injected into existing natural gas pipelines. This can leverage existing infrastructure for energy storage and transportation, potentially offering a faster transition to clean energy.

Integrating renewable energy into the power grid is essential for sustainability, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and combating climate change. Renewable sources like solar and wind are abundant and provide energy security by diversifying supply. They also reduce dependence on finite fossil fuels, mitigate air pollution, and create green jobs. Moreover, advancements in technology and storage solutions make renewables more efficient and reliable, ensuring a stable energy future.