¿Qué herramientas y marcos utiliza para las pruebas de penetración de aplicaciones web y por qué?

During reconnaissance, one of the most powerful tools I use is **Nmap**. It provides detailed insights about open ports, services, and network topologies, allowing me to identify potential weak spots in the target's infrastructure. I also combine **Sublist3r** for subdomain enumeration, as subdomains are often overlooked by organizations and can expose critical services or outdated versions of web applications. For example, in a past assessment, Sublist3r revealed a forgotten subdomain running an outdated version of the content management system, which eventually became the entry point for further exploitation. The ability to discover these hidden assets early in the process is invaluable for successful web application penetration testing.

I believe reconnaissance is the most crucial part of any Pentest. Here are some of the tools I use: Initial Recon: Nmap Censys/Shodan dnsdumpster whois Technology Discovery: Wappalyzer BuiltWith WhatWeb Subdomain Discovery: The tool that has brought me the best results is subfinder. I use some API keys to make it even more powerful. Brute subs Options: Sublist3r, Amass, subbrute URL Discovery: gau, gauplus Parameter Discovery: Paramspider Verify if Discovered Items are Active: httpx, httprobe Visualization: Aquatone JavaScript: JSSCanner Secretfinder File and Directory Discovery: Fuff dirsearch wfuzz Wordlists: Seclists Web Proxy: Burp Pro Owasp ZAP Scanners: Burp Pro Owasp ZAP Nikto You can use one-liners for simplicity.

I use a combination of tools and frameworks to cover different aspects of security testing: > Burp Suite: This is a comprehensive tool for intercepting requests, analyzing vulnerabilities, and automating tasks like scanning. > Nmap: Useful for network mapping and port scanning, it helps identify open ports and services running on a web server. > SQLmap: A powerful tool for automating the detection and exploitation of SQL injection flaws. It's efficient for testing database security. > Nikto: A web server scanner that checks for outdated software versions, misconfigurations, and known vulnerabilities. > Metasploit: A framework for developing and executing exploit code, useful for verifying vulnerabilities found during testing.

The reconnaissance phase is vital in penetration testing, laying the groundwork for identifying vulnerabilities. This article highlights the tools I use for reconnaissance, including technical solutions and open-source intelligence (OSINT). Key Tools: Burp Suite: My main tool for analyzing HTTP traffic and finding vulnerabilities like XSS and SQL injection. OWASP ZAP: An open-source alternative for automated reconnaissance and scanning. Wireshark: Essential for analyzing network traffic and spotting weaknesses. Nmap: A tool that identifies open ports and services. Subdomain Enumeration: Tools like Sublist3r and Amass map attack surfaces. OSINT: Resources like Shodan and Google Dorking provide target info.

Before launching any attack on a web application, gathering as much information as possible is crucial. This process, known as reconnaissance or information gathering, involves identifying details like domain names. This information helps pinpoint potential entry points, vulnerabilities, and attack vectors. Several powerful tools assist in this process: Nmap: A network scanner that discovers hosts and services on a network. Dirb: A web content scanner used to brute-force directories and files on a web server. Nikto: A web server scanner that detects outdated software and common vulnerabilities. Sublist3r: A subdomain enumeration tool for discovering subdomains using multiple sources.

Various web vulnerability scanners are out there, and my go-to is Burp Pro. Despite being a paid tool, the advantages are countless! Its power is further enhanced with quality plugins. In my opinion, this is the most comprehensive tool for web Pentests. For those on a tight budget, alternatives like Owasp ZAP, Nikto, Arachni, and others can be considered.

Once you have a clear understanding of a web application's structure, the next step is to identify specific vulnerabilities that could be exploited, such as SQL injection, cross-site scripting (XSS), file inclusion, and remote code execution. Vulnerability scanning helps prioritize targets and plan effective security assessments or attacks. Several tools are available to assist in this process: Burp Suite: A comprehensive tool for web application security testing that can intercept, modify, and analyze HTTP requests and responses. ZAP (OWASP Zed Attack Proxy): An open-source web application security testing tool designed for identifying security vulnerabilities in web applications.

For scheduled or automated DAST scans across multiple applications during penetration testing, Burp Suite Enterprise is highly recommended. It supports scheduling scans for numerous applications simultaneously, depending on the purchased license, and integrates seamlessly into various CI/CD pipelines for automated DAST scanning. This solution is designed for scalability and efficiency, allowing security teams to manage extensive web application portfolios though, each individual vulnerability should verified by a MITM proxy tool i.e. Burp Suite Pro, OWASP ZAP proxy.

Exploitation Tools refer to software and frameworks used by security professionals and malicious actors alike to exploit vulnerabilities in systems, 1.Metasploit: A widely-used framework for developing and executing exploit code against remote targets. 2.Burp Suite: A tool for web application security testing, allowing users to find vulnerabilities like SQL injection and XSS. 3.Nmap: A network scanning tool that discovers hosts and services, providing insights into network security. 4.SQLMap: An open-source penetration testing tool for detecting and exploiting SQL injection vulnerabilities.

For exploitation, Metasploit remains a go-to framework because of its extensive library of exploit modules and payloads. It streamlines the exploitation process, enabling me to test various attack vectors efficiently. I once used Metasploit in a client engagement to exploit a misconfigured web server vulnerability, which granted remote code execution privileges. Weevely is another tool I often use to establish persistent backdoors via web shells. Its stealthy nature helps maintain access while minimizing detection, allowing further exploration of compromised systems. Tools like these not only demonstrate vulnerabilities but also show the real-world impact of security flaws on target environments.

After identifying vulnerabilities in a web application, the next step is to exploit them to gain access, execute commands, upload files, steal data, or achieve other objectives. Exploitation helps demonstrate the severity and potential impact of these vulnerabilities. Some key tools for exploitation include: Metasploit: A powerful framework that automates the exploitation of various vulnerabilities using predefined modules and payloads. Netcat: A utility for creating TCP/UDP connections, transferring data between hosts, and functioning as a backdoor or shell.

Once vulnerabilities are identified, the next phase is to exploit them to demonstrate their impact. Here are some key tools I frequently use during this phase. This is a sample of the exploitation tools in my toolkit. Tools: Metasploit Framework: A versatile framework for automating exploitation and simulating attack scenarios. SQLMap: Automates the detection and exploitation of SQL injection vulnerabilities, allowing interaction with databases. Aircrack-ng: Useful for exploiting weaknesses in wireless networks related to web applications. Responder: Captures NTLM hashes for network-based attacks, aiding privilege escalation. MSFvenom: Generates payloads for various platforms, enabling the delivery of exploits.

In addition to tools and frameworks, one aspect often overlooked is the importance of collaboration during web application penetration testing. In one of my previous pentests, I worked closely with the client’s development team to address discovered vulnerabilities. We used their feedback to prioritize which exploits to focus on, leading to more efficient remediation. Additionally, engaging in a continuous feedback loop ensured that both security and development teams were aligned throughout the SDLC, reducing the overall risk. The key takeaway here is that communication and collaboration are just as critical as the technical aspect of pentesting.