1.

Is a claim in tort, considered in isolation and given an independent meaning, to be regarded as a contractual claim pursuant to Article 7, point 1, of Regulation (EU) No 1215/2012 (1) in the case where the claim in tort competes somehow with a contractual claim, but its existence does not depend upon the interpretation of the contract?

2.

If Question 1 is answered in the negative: Where a payment service provider remits electronic money from a customer’s account to the payment account of a gaming operator held with the same payment service provider and the involvement of the payment service provider in payments to the gaming operator might be perceived as being tortious in nature, is the place where the harmful event occurred within the meaning of Article 7, point 2, of Regulation (EU) No 1215/2012 to be found in:

2.1

The place where the payment service provider has its seat, as the place of the e-money transaction?

2.2

The place where a claim for reimbursement of expenses accrues to the payment service provider against the customer who instructed the payment as a result of the transaction (provided that it is lawful)?

2.3

The place where the customer who instructed the payment is resident?

2.4

The place where the customer’s bank account, for which the payment service provider holds a direct debit mandate which allows it to top up the e-money account, is held?

2.5

The place where the money remitted by the payment service provider to the player’s betting account with the gaming operator is lost during gaming, that is to say, the place in which the gaming operator has its seat?

2.6

The place where the customer plays the prohibited game (provided that this is also where the customer is resident)?

2.7

None of these places?

2.8

If Question 2.2 is answered in the affirmative and it is the place where a claim for reimbursement of expenses accrues to the payment service provider against the customer as a result of the transaction: Where does the claim for reimbursement of expenses accrue against the customer who instructed the payment? Can the place of performance of the framework contract for payment services or the place in which the debtor is resident be taken to be the place where that debt is located?