Comment la communication sans fil a-t-elle évolué pour améliorer les communications mobiles ?

Desde os primeiros sinais de rádio capazes de transmitir morse através de grandes distâncias, passando pela invenção do telefone móvel na década de 1940 e o subsequente desenvolvimento das tecnologias celulares nas décadas de 1980 e 1990, até a introdução das redes de quarta (4G) e quinta geração (5G) no século 21, essa evolução foi marcada por avanços tecnológicos que aumentaram exponencialmente a velocidade, a capacidade e a eficiência da comunicação móvel. Esses desenvolvimentos transformaram radicalmente a maneira como nos conectamos e comunicamos, permitindo a transmissão de grandes volumes de dados em tempo real e a conexão global sem precedentes.

Wireless communication has evolved remarkably since 1G, enabling seamless mobile communications. From basic voice calls to high-speed data transfer in 5G, each generation has brought significant improvements. AI plays a pivotal role in this evolution by optimizing network efficiency, enhancing signal processing, and enabling predictive maintenance, ensuring smoother connectivity and better user experiences.

Ever since we discovered the wireless signal law, we have seen a huge technological evolution that impacted communication services. Continuous growth in innovation and market demand made the speed of improvement phenomenal. evolution of semiconductors, wireless modulation and data transfer laws, improvement of transmission, all these innovations led to the Wireless communication generations we have now.

O surgimento da comunicação móvel pode ser rastreado até as primeiras décadas do século 20, mas foi na década de 1940 que tomou uma forma mais reconhecível. Inicialmente, a comunicação sem fio era limitada a comunicações militares e a alguns usos industriais, com sistemas que eram volumosos e ineficientes para o uso civil. O verdadeiro marco na comunicação móvel ocorreu em 1946, quando a Bell System introduziu o primeiro serviço de telefonia móvel comercial nos Estados Unidos. Este serviço, chamado de Mobile Telephone Service (MTS), era primitivo segundo os padrões atuais; era baseado em tecnologia de rádio e permitia que os usuários realizassem chamadas telefônicas a partir de seus carros.

In between the peaks of military and emergency radios and mobile telephony, there was a big wave of use of Citizen Band or CB radios. These were primarily used by truckers to communicate with one another while on the road, but their use became quite popular, especially during the 1970s and were actively used by a wider community.

Começando com a primeira geração (1G) na década de 1980, que introduziu a comunicação móvel analógica, seguiu-se a revolucionária transição para o digital com a segunda geração (2G) nos anos 90, permitindo a transmissão de texto e a criptografia de chamadas. A terceira geração (3G), no início dos anos 2000, aumentou as velocidades de dados, viabilizando a internet móvel e serviços de dados mais avançados. A quarta geração (4G), lançada no final dos anos 2000, trouxe a banda larga móvel, com velocidades ainda maiores, permitindo vídeo em alta definição e aplicações exigentes em termos de dados. Atualmente, a quinta geração (5G) está estabelecendo novos padrões com velocidades de gigabit.

Wireless communication has evolved to enhance mobile communication through advancements in technology. The introduction of 4G and 5G networks has provided faster data transfer speeds, reduced latency, and increased network capacity, resulting in seamless and uninterrupted mobile communication. Improved coverage and signal strength in remote areas have made wireless communication more accessible, enabling connectivity wherever people are. Additionally, new features and services like video calling and high-definition streaming have transformed the way we communicate using mobile devices, enhancing the overall mobile communication experience.

The research in wireless communications used to be done by separate technology labs and universities which led to different deliverables with lots of interoperability issues. The rise of consortiums like ITU, 3GPP and many others, centralized the efforts and generated a stack of standards that led to the telco technology generations.

The wireless communication always brings out wireline parts with its relevant “cost”. People are seeing just radio stuffs between mobile device and base station such as uplink/downlink throughput, interference, link budget for cell planning, how CoMP could improve cell edge performance, handoff, etc. But there is much bigger part existing to enable a wireless communication - how Radio unit talks with Baseband unit (or digital unit) via “front-haul”, how the baseband unit is connected with S-GW & MME, how the traffic generated by UE could interact with the internet world via PDN GW, all they’re “wireline” parts and it contributes whole ecosystem such as IP, SDN, optic, security, edge cloud, application, SIP, Non-GBR/GBR, codec, DB, etc.

There are various challenges for wireless communications, including the limited spectrum, the security challenges and the huge energy consumed in the transmission. ITU, 3GPP and other organisms are working on optimizing the use of spectrum, via unlocking new bands for 5G and 6G and managing the frequencies allocations for commercial and government main players. Many releases of standards tackle security and forensic challenges like cyphering algorithms in the air interface, secure transmission in the IP network, and many other features.

There is a conversion between computer sciences and wireless technology, especially with cloud technology, AI/ML, automation and the use of RPA. In addition to the spectrum optimisation and the use of high frequencies that unlocked 5G and 6G features and made small cell and IoT deployment cost-effective.

With the advancement in technology, future development of Wireless communication is not an exception. According to the Journal of Information Technology & Software Engineering, " Wireless SN is likely to be used in applications like underwater acoustic sensor systems, sensing based cyber physical systems, time critical applications, cognitive sensing and spectrum management, security and privacy management. " These are possibilities.

Wireless communication has evolved, enhancing mobile communications with faster data rates from 2G to 5G, lower latency for real-time applications, improved spectral efficiency, better coverage in urban and rural areas, expanded capacity for more users, IoT integration for smart devices, strengthened security protocols, and optimized energy efficiency.

The evolution of wireless telecommunications especially with the rise of 5G and the speedy development of NTN and 6G, the delivery of WiFi 6 and the heavy use of IoT and Cloud solutions, these innovations are the fertile field for various services that are boosting both business, life quality and user experience.