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Gurbacewar Robobi

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Gurbacewar Robobi
type of pollution (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na Gurɓacewa
Has contributing factor (en) Fassara plastic waste (en) Fassara
Niger, Karey Gorou, waste disposal
Kayan balan-balan da ka samar daga Roba
Lecture of Erik van Sebille (Utrecht University) on plastic pollution.

Gurbacewar Ledoji shine tarin abubuwa na filastik da ɓarɓashi (misali kwalabe na filastik, jakunkuna da microbeads ) a cikin muhallin duniya wanda ke cutar da mutane, namun daji da wuraren zama.[1][2] Filastik da ke aiki azaman gurɓataccen abu ana rarraba su ta hanyar girma zuwa tarkace micro-, meso-, ko macro. Filastik ba su da tsada kuma masu ɗorewa suna sa su dace sosai don amfani daban-daban; Sakamakon haka masana'antun sun zaɓi yin amfani da filastik akan sauran kayan.[3] Duk da haka, tsarin sinadarai na yawancin robobi yana sa su jure wa yawancin matakai na lalacewa kuma a sakamakon haka suna jinkirin raguwa. Tare, waɗannan abubuwa guda biyu suna ba da damar manyan ɗimbin robobi su shiga cikin muhalli a matsayin sharar da ba a sarrafa ba kuma don ta dawwama a cikin yanayin.[4]

Gurɓacewar filastik na iya addabar ƙasa, magudanar ruwa da kuma tekuna.[5] An ƙiyasta cewa tan miliyan 1.1 zuwa 8.8 na sharar robobi na shiga cikin teku daga al'ummomin da ke gabar teku a kowace shekara.[6] An kiyasta cewa akwai tarin tarkacen ruwan robobi na tan miliyan 86 a cikin tekun duniya ya zuwa ƙarshen shekarar 2013, tare da hasashen cewa kashi 1.4% na robobin da ake samarwa a duniya daga 1950 zuwa 2013 sun shiga cikin tekun kuma sun taru a can. [7] Wasu masu bincike sun nuna cewa nan da shekara ta 2050 za a iya samun robobi fiye da kifin da ke cikin teku da nauyi. Za a iya cutar da halittu masu rai, musamman dabbobin ruwa, ko dai ta hanyar injuna kamar cuku-cuwa a cikin abubuwan robobi, matsalolin da ke da alaƙa da sharar robobi, ko kuma ta hanyar fallasa sinadarai a cikin robobi waɗanda ke kawo cikas ga ilimin halittarsu . Lalacewar sharar filastik na iya shafar mutane kai tsaye ta hanyar amfani da su kai tsaye (watau a cikin ruwan famfo), cinyewa kai tsaye (ta hanyar cin dabbobi), da kuma rushewar hanyoyin hormonal daban-daban.

Ya zuwa shekarar 2019, ana samar da tan miliyan 368 na Robobi a kowacce shekara, kashi 51% a Asiya, ƙasar Sin itace a gaba wajen samarwa Daga shekarun 1950 har zuwa 2018, anyi ƙiyasta cewa an samar da tan biliyan 6.3 na Robobi a fadin duniya. Inda aka ƙiyasta cewa ƙashi 9% ne kaɗai ake sake sabunta yayin da kashi 12% kuma yake yashe a bila. Wannan adadi na yasassun Robobi yana lalata muhalli yana kawo matsaloli.

Ya zuwa shekarar 2020, yawan robobin da aka samar a duniya ya zarce ƙimar halittun dabbobin ƙasa da na ruwa a haɗe. Canje-canje a cikin watan Mayu na 2019 ga Yarjejeniyar Basel ta tsara fitarwa / shigo da sharar robobi, wanda aka yi niyya don hana jigilar datti daga ƙasashe masu tasowa zuwa ƙasashe masu tasowa . Kusan duk ƙasashe sun shiga wannan yarjejeniya. [8] [9] [10] [11] A ranar 2 ga Maris ɗin shekarar 2022 a Nairobi, kasashe 175 sun yi alkawarin samar da wata yarjejeniya ta doka nan da ƙarshen shekarar 2024 da nufin kawo ƙarshen gurɓatar filastik.[12][13]

Adadin sharar filastik da aka samar ya karu yayin COVID-19 saboda ƙaruwar buƙatun kayan kariya da kayan marufi. Yawan robobi ya ƙare a cikin teku, musamman filastik daga sharar magani da abin rufe fuska.[14] Rahotannin labarai da yawa suna nuni ga masana'antar filastik da ke ƙoƙarin yin amfani da abubuwan da suka shafi lafiya da sha'awar abin rufe fuska da marufi don haɓaka samar da robobin amfani guda ɗaya.[15][16][17][18]

Dalilai

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Hanyar da robobi ke shiga cikin tekunan duniya

Akwai ƙididdiga daban-daban na yawan sharar robobi da aka yi a ƙarni na baya. A wani kiyasi, ton biliyan daya na sharar robobi an yi watsi da su tun shekarun 1950.[19] Wasu kuma sun yi ƙiyasin cewa yawan amfanin ɗan adam ya kai tan biliyan 8.3 na robobi, wanda ton biliyan 6.3 daga ciki ya zama almubazzaranci, inda kashi 9 cikin ɗari ne kawai aka sake yin amfani da su.[20][21]

An kiyasta cewa wannan sharar ta ƙunshi 81% Ledoji masu laushi, 13% polymer fibers da 32% additives. A cikin 2018 an samar da fiye da tan miliyan 343 na sharar robobi, kashi 90% na abin da ya ƙunshi sharar robobi bayan masu amfani da ita (sharar masana'antu, aikin gona, kasuwanci da kuma sharar filastik na birni). Sauran sharar da aka riga aka yi amfani da su sun kasance daga samar da guduro da kera samfuran robobi (misali kayan da aka ƙi saboda launin da bai dace ba, taurin, ko halayen sarrafawa).

Babban kaso na sharar filastik bayan mai amfani ya ƙunshi marufi na filastik. A cikin fakitin filastik na Amurka an ƙiyasta zuwa kashi 5% na MSW. Wannan marufi ya haɗa da kwalabe na filastik, tukwane, tubs da trays, jakunan cinikin fina-finai na filastik, jakunkuna na shara, kumfa mai kumfa, da filastik ko shimfidawa da kumfa na filastik misali fadada polystyrene (EPS). Ana haifar da sharar robobi a sassa da suka haɗa da aikin gona (misali bututun ban ruwa, murfin greenhouse, shinge, pellets, ciyawa; gini (misali bututu, fenti, bene da rufi, masu ƙorafi da ƙulli); sufuri (misali tayoyin da ba a taɓa gani ba, saman titi da alamar hanya) Kayan lantarki da lantarki (e-sharar gida); da magunguna da kiwon lafiya. Ba a da tabbas game da jimillar sharar robobi da waɗannan sassan ke samarwa.

Nazarin da yawa sun yi ƙoƙarin ƙididdige ɗigon robobi a cikin yanayi a matakan ƙasa da na duniya waɗanda suka nuna wahalar tantance tushe da adadin duk leak ɗin filastik. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a duniya ya yi ƙiyasin cewa tsakanin tan miliyan 60 zuwa 99 na sharar robobi da ba a sarrafa ba, an samar da su a shekarar 2015. Borrelle et al. 2020 ta ƙiyasta cewa tan miliyan 19-23 na sharar filastik sun shiga cikin yanayin ruwa a cikin 2016. yayin da Pew Charitable Trusts and SYSTEMIQ (2020) suka ƙiyasta cewa tan miliyan 9-14 na sharar filastik ta ƙare a cikin teku a wannan shekarar.

Duk da ƙoƙarin da duniya ke yi na rage samar da gurbataccen robobi, ana hasashen hasarar muhalli za ta karu. Samfuran ya nuna cewa, ba tare da manyan ayyuka ba, tsakanin tan miliyan 23 zuwa 37 a kowace shekara na sharar robobi na iya shiga cikin tekunan nan da shekarar 2040 kuma tsakanin tan miliyan 155 zuwa 265 a kowace shekara za a iya fitar da su cikin muhalli nan da shekarar 2060. A ƙarƙashin yanayin kasuwanci kamar yadda aka saba, irin wannan haɓakar na iya zama mai yiwuwa ga ci gaba da haɓaka samar da samfuran robobi, wanda buƙatun mabukaci ke haifar da shi, tare da rashin isasshen ci gaba a sarrafa sharar gida. Kamar yadda sharar robobi da aka saki a cikin muhalli ya riga ya yi tasiri sosai a kan yanayin halittu, haɓakar wannan girman na iya haifar da sakamako mai ban mamaki.

An gano cinikin dattin filastik a matsayin "babban laifi" na sharar ruwa. [lower-alpha 1] Ƙasashen da ke shigo da robobin sharar gida galibi ba su da ikon sarrafa duk kayan. Sakamakon haka, Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta sanya dokar hana cinikin robobi sai dai idan ta cika wasu sharuɗɗa. [lower-alpha 2]

Nau'in tarkacen filastik

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Akwai manyan nau'ikan filastik guda uku waɗanda ke haifar da gurɓataccen filastik: micro-, macro-, da mega-robobi. Mega- da ƙananan robobi sun taru a cikin mafi girma a cikin Arewacin Hemisphere, sun tattara kewaye da cibiyoyin birane da wuraren ruwa. Ana iya samun robobi a gabar tekun wasu tsibiran saboda igiyar ruwa da ke ɗauke da tarkacen. Ana samun duka mega- da macro-robobi a cikin marufi, takalmi, da sauran kayan gida waɗanda aka wanke daga cikin jiragen ruwa ko kuma aka jefar da su a cikin wuraren ajiyar ƙasa . An fi samun abubuwan da suka danganci kamun kifi a kusa da tsibirai masu nisa. Ana iya kiran waɗannan kuma a matsayin micro-, meso-, da macro tarkace.

An rarraba tarkacen filastik a matsayin na farko ko na sakandare. Robobi na farko suna cikin sigar su ta asali idan aka tattara su. Misalan waɗannan za su kasance kwalabe, bututun sigari, da microbeads. A gefe guda kuma, robobi na biyu, suna lissafin ƙananan robobi waɗanda suka haifar da lalacewa ta farko.

Microdebris

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Microplastics a cikin saman teku 1950-2000 da tsinkaya bayan, a cikin miliyoyin metric tonne.

Microdebris yanki ne na filastik tsakanin 2 mm da 5 mm a girman. tarkacen filastik da ke farawa a matsayin meso- ko macrodebris na iya zama microdebris ta hanyar lalacewa da haɗuwa da ke rushe shi zuwa ƙananan ƙananan. Microdebris an fi kira da nordles . [3] Ana sake yin amfani da nono don yin sabbin abubuwa na robobi, amma cikin sauƙi suna ƙarewa a cikin muhalli yayin samarwa saboda ƙananan girmansu. Sau da yawa sukan ƙare a cikin ruwan teku ta koguna da koguna. [3] Microdebris da ke fitowa daga tsaftacewa da kayan kwalliya kuma ana kiran su masu gogewa. Saboda microdebris da scrubbers suna da ƙanƙanta a girman, ƙwayoyin ciyar da tacewa sukan cinye su. [3]

Nurdles suna shiga cikin teku ta hanyar zubewa yayin sufuri ko daga tushen ƙasa. Hukumar Conservancy ta Ocean Conservancy ta bayar da rahoton cewa, Sin, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, da Vietnam suna zubar da robobi a cikin teku fiye da sauran ƙasashen duniya. An kiyasta cewa kashi 10 cikin 100 na robobin da ke cikin tekun na noma ne, wanda hakan ya sa su zama daya daga cikin nau’ukan gurbatar muhalli da aka fi sani da su, tare da buhunan robobi da na abinci. [23] [24] Waɗannan micro-robobi na iya taruwa a cikin tekuna kuma suna ba da izinin tara abubuwan da ke tattare da abubuwan da ke tattare da ƙwayoyin cuta irin su bisphenol A, polystyrene, DDT, da PCB waɗanda ke da hydrophobic a yanayi kuma suna iya haifar da illa ga lafiya. [25]

Adadi, wurare, bin diddigi da alaƙar ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta

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Wani bincike na 2004 na Richard Thompson daga Jami'ar Plymouth, Birtaniya, ya sami adadi mai yawa na microdebris a kan rairayin bakin teku masu da ruwa a Turai, Amurka, Australia, Afirka, da Antarctica. Thompson da abokansa sun gano cewa ana ruguza pellet ɗin robobi daga gida da masana'antu zuwa ƙananan robobi, wasu suna da diamita fiye da gashin ɗan adam. [5] Idan ba a sha ba, wannan microdebris yana yawo a maimakon a nutse a cikin yanayin ruwa. Thompson ya yi hasashen cewa za a iya samun abubuwa na robobi 300,000 a kowace murabba'in kilomita na saman teku da kuma ɓarɓashi na robobi 100,000 a kowace murabba'in kilomita na gadon teku . [5] International Pellet Watch ta tattara samfuran pellets na polyethylene daga rairayin bakin teku 30 a cikin ƙasashe 17 waɗanda aka bincika don ƙananan gurɓatattun ƙwayoyin cuta. An gano cewa pellets da aka samu a rairayin bakin teku a Amurka, Vietnam da kuma kudancin Afirka sun ƙunshi mahadi daga magungunan kashe qwari da ke nuna yawan amfani da magungunan kashe qwari a yankunan. A cikin 2020 masana kimiyya sun ƙirƙiri abin da zai iya zama ƙiyasin kimiyya na farko na nawa microplastic a halin yanzu ke zama a cikin tekun duniya, bayan binciken yankuna shida na ~3 km zurfin ~ 300 km daga gabar tekun Ostireliya. Sun sami ƙididdige ƙididdiga na microplastic mai saurin canzawa ya yi daidai da filastik a saman da kusurwar gangaren teku. Ta hanyar ma'auni na microplastic mass da cm 3, sun kiyasta cewa tekun tekun duniya ya ƙunshi ~ 14 ton miliyan na microplastic - game da ninki biyu na adadin da suka kiyasta dangane da bayanai daga binciken da aka yi a baya - duk da kiran duka kiyasin "mai ra'ayin mazan jiya" kamar yadda yankunan bakin teku sun san cewa suna dauke da yawa. fiye da microplastic. Waɗannan ƙididdiga sun kai kusan sau ɗaya zuwa biyu adadin tunanin filastik - na Jambeck et al., 2015 - don shiga cikin teku a halin yanzu kowace shekara.[26][27][28]

Macrodebris

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Ana rarraba tarkacen filastik a matsayin macrodebris lokacin da ya fi 20 girma mm. Waɗannan sun haɗa da abubuwa kamar buhunan kayan abinci na filastik. Ana samun macrodebris sau da yawa a cikin ruwan teku, kuma yana iya yin tasiri mai tsanani a kan kwayoyin halitta. Tarun kamun kifi sun kasance manyan gurɓatattun abubuwa. Ko bayan an yi watsi da su, suna ci gaba da kama ƙwayoyin halittun ruwa da sauran tarkacen filastik. A ƙarshe, waɗannan tarunan da aka watsar sun zama masu wuyar cirewa daga ruwa saboda suna da nauyi sosai, suna girma har zuwa ton 6. [3]

Samar da Filastik

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An yi ƙiyasin tan biliyan 9.2 na robobi tsakanin 1950 zuwa 2017. Fiye da rabin wannan filastik da aka samar tun 2004. A cikin dukkan robobin da aka jefar ya zuwa yanzu, an kona kashi 14% kuma an sake yin amfani da kasa da kashi 10 cikin ɗari.

Rushewar robobi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Matsakaicin ƙiyasin lokutan rushewar abubuwan tarkacen ruwa na yau da kullun. Ana nuna abubuwan filastik da shuɗi.
Ka ce a'a ga shirka. Alama. Nako, Himachal Pradesh, India.

Roba da kansu suna ba da gudummawar kusan kashi 10% na sharar da aka zubar. Yawancin nau'ikan robobi sun wanzu dangane da magabatan su da kuma hanyar yin polymerization . Dangane da abun da ke tattare da sinadaran su, robobi da resins suna da kaddarorin mabanbanta da ke da alaƙa da gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu da haɓakawa . Lalacewar polymer yana ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo a sakamakon yanayin saline da kuma sanyaya tasirin teku. Waɗannan abubuwan suna ba da gudummawar dagewar tarkacen filastik a wasu wurare. Bincike na baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa robobin da ke cikin teku suna rubewa da sauri fiye da yadda ake zato, sakamakon kamuwa da rana, ruwan sama, da sauran yanayin muhalli, wanda ke haifar da sakin sinadarai masu guba irin su bisphenol A. Duk da haka, saboda ƙaruwar adadin robobi a cikin teku, bazuwar ya ragu. Hukumar kiyaye ruwa ta Marine Conservancy ta yi hasashen adadin ruɓewar samfuran filastik da yawa. An kiyasta cewa kofin kumfa mai kumfa zai ɗauki shekaru 50, mai robobin abin sha zai ɗauki shekaru 400, nap ɗin da za a iya zubar zai ɗauki shekaru 450, kuma layin kamun kifi zai ɗauki shekaru 600 yana raguwa.

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ "Plastic pollution". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
  2. ↑ Laura Parker (June 2018). "We Depend on Plastic. Now We're Drowning in It". NationalGeographic.com. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Hammer, J; Kraak, MH; Parsons, JR (2012). "Plastics in the marine environment: the dark side of a modern gift". Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 220: 1–44. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3414-6_1. ISBN 978-1-4614-3413-9. PMID 22610295. S2CID 5842747.
  4. ↑ Hester, Ronald E.; Harrison, R. M. (editors) (2011). Marine Pollution and Human Health. Royal Society of Chemistry. pp. 84–85. 08033994793.ABA
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Le Guern, Claire (March 2018). "When The Mermaids Cry: The Great Plastic Tide". Coastal Care. Archived from the original on 5 April 2018. Retrieved 10 November 2018.
  6. ↑ Jambeck, Jenna R.; Geyer, Roland; Wilcox, Chris; Siegler, Theodore R.; Perryman, Miriam; Andrady, Anthony; Narayan, Ramani; Law, Kara Lavender (2015-02-13). "Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean". Science (in Turanci). 347 (6223): 768–771. Bibcode:2015Sci...347..768J. doi:10.1126/science.1260352. PMID 25678662. S2CID 206562155.
  7. ↑ Jang, Y. C., Lee, J., Hong, S., Choi, H. W., Shim, W. J., & Hong, S. Y. 2015. Estimating the global inflow and stock of plastic marine debris using material flow analysis: a preliminary approach. Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment and Energy, 18(4), 263-273.
  8. ↑ National Geographic, 30 Oct. 2020, "U.S. Generates More Plastic Trash than Any Other Nation, Report Finds: The Plastic Pollution Crisis Has Been Widely Blamed on a Handful of Asian Countries, But New Research Shows Just How Much the U.S. Contributes"
  9. ↑ UN Environment Programme, 12 May 2019 "Governments Agree Landmark Decisions to Protect People and Planet from Hazardous Chemicals and Waste, Including Plastic Waste"
  10. ↑ The Guardian, 10 May 2019, "Nearly All Countries Agree to Stem Flow of Plastic Waste into Poor Nations: US Reportedly Opposed Deal, which Follows Concerns that Villages in Indonesia, Thailand and Malaysia Had ‘Turned into Dumpsites’"
  11. ↑ Phys.org, 10 May 2019 "180 Nations Agree UN Deal to Regulate Export of Plastic Waste"
  12. ↑ Ana, Silva (2021). "Increased Plastic Pollution Due to Covid-19 Pandemic: Challenges and Recommendations". Chemical Engineering Journal. 405: 126683. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2020.126683. PMC 7430241. PMID 32834764.
  13. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Euronews Bubble Barrier
  14. ↑ Shams, Mehnaz; Alam, Iftaykhairul; Mahbub, Md Shahriar (October 2021). "Plastic pollution during COVID-19: Plastic waste directives and its long-term impact on the environment". Environmental Advances. 5: 100119. doi:10.1016/j.envadv.2021.100119. ISSN 2666-7657. PMC 8464355 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 34604829 Check |pmid= value (help).
  15. ↑ "Plastics industry adapts to business during COVID-19". Plastics News (in Turanci). 2020-03-13. Retrieved 2021-12-18.
  16. ↑ "Plastic in the time of a pandemic: protector or polluter?". World Economic Forum (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-12-18.
  17. ↑ Monella, Lillo Montalto (2020-05-12). "Will plastic pollution get worse after the COVID-19 pandemic?". euronews (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-12-18.
  18. ↑ Westervelt, Amy (2020-01-14). "Big Oil Bets Big on Plastic". Drilled News (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2021-12-18. Retrieved 2021-12-18.
  19. ↑ Weisman A (2007). The world without us. New York: Thomas Dunne Books/St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-1-4434-0008-4.
  20. ↑ Geyer R, Jambeck JR, Law KL (July 2017). "Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made". Science Advances. 3 (7): e1700782. Bibcode:2017SciA....3E0782G. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1700782. PMC 5517107. PMID 28776036.
  21. ↑ Environment, U. N. (2021-10-21). "Drowning in Plastics – Marine Litter and Plastic Waste Vital Graphics". UNEP - UN Environment Programme (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-03-21.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Clive Cookson 2019.
  23. ↑ Knight 2012, p. 11.
  24. ↑ Knight 2012, p. 13.
  25. ↑ Knight 2012, p. 12.
  26. ↑ May, Tiffany (7 October 2020). "Hidden Beneath the Ocean's Surface, Nearly 16 Million Tons of Microplastic". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  27. ↑ "14 million tonnes of microplastics on sea floor: Australian study". phys.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 9 November 2020.
  28. ↑ Barrett, Justine; Chase, Zanna; Zhang, Jing; Holl, Mark M. Banaszak; Willis, Kathryn; Williams, Alan; Hardesty, Britta D.; Wilcox, Chris (2020). "Microplastic Pollution in Deep-Sea Sediments From the Great Australian Bight". Frontiers in Marine Science (in Turanci). 7. doi:10.3389/fmars.2020.576170. ISSN 2296-7745. S2CID 222125532. Available under CC BY 4.0.


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