No abstract available

[en] In this chapter author describes Tajikistan. About mineral sources, climate and Pamirs of Tajikistan

[en] This chapter of book is about salutary influence of mineral sources on human organism during treatment

[en] Full text: Chemical analysis of 38 wells discharge thermal fluids in central Jordan near (Khan Ezabeeb area), and chemical characteristics of the thermal fluids were studied. 6 samples from cold water and 6 samples of thermal water were sampled from all over the Jordan for comparison purposes, 22 and 7 samples were reviewed and studied for stable and radioactive isotope respectively. The data was interpreted by the use of WATCH program for speciation and construction of mineral equilibrium diagrams and other graphical presentation and classification. The maximum reservoir temperature for the wells predicted by calculation of various geothermometers exceeds 80 deg. C. There is an evidence of mixing with cold water, for plot of O18 versus Cl and a linear relationship between Cl versus Br and B. The calculated Quartz and Chalcedony, for the geothermometers values of the geothermal well waters indicate that reservoir temperature about 60 deg. C - 80 deg. C, and the Na-K-Ca geothermometers give mostly higher values for the wells, however, the calculation of mineral saturation indicates that the geothermal water shows fluid from some of the wells which is about to be close to the equilibrium at 115 deg. C, and some degree of under saturation with anhydrite, fluorite and chalcedony. The chemical composition of the waters in the studied area is governed by water rock interaction in area concerned and the (Cl-SO₄-HCO₃), (Na-K-Mg) triangular diagrams and stable isotopes were used to classify the geothermal and cold waters and to study some processes in the geothermal system, the geothermal waters are bicarbonate type with some samples of chloride and sulfite type, indicating reactions with sedimentary rocks (sandstone), the origin of the fluids are of meteoric water and the age extends 20,000 up to 38,000 years. (author)

[en] Spatially resolved spectroscopy from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory (MaNGA) survey has revealed a class of quiescent, relatively common early-type galaxies termed “red geysers” that possibly host large-scale active galactic nuclei–driven winds. Given their potential importance in maintaining a low level of star formation at late times, additional evidence confirming that winds are responsible for the red geyser phenomenon is critical. In this work, we present follow-up observations with the Echellette Spectrograph and Imager (ESI) at the Keck telescope of two red geysers (z < 0.1) using multiple long slit positions to sample different regions of each galaxy. Our ESI data with a spectral resolution (R) ∼ 8000 improve upon MaNGA’s resolution by a factor of 4, allowing us to resolve the ionized gas velocity profiles along the putative wind cone with an instrumental resolution of σ = 16 km s⁻¹. The line profiles of Hα and [N ii] λ6584 show asymmetric shapes that depend systematically on location: extended blue wings on the redshifted side of the galaxy and red wings on the opposite side. We construct a simple wind model and show that our results are consistent with geometric projections through an outflowing conical wind oriented at an angle toward the line of sight. An alternative hypothesis that assigns the asymmetric pattern to “beam smearing” of a rotating, ionized gas disk does a poor job matching the line asymmetry profiles. While our study features just two sources, it lends further support to the notion that red geysers are the result of galaxy-scale winds.

[en] Highlights: • Earlier leaf phenology by warmer springs may boost late frost defoliation (LFD). • We reconstructed LFD events since 1950 in southern Fagus sylvatica distribution. • Drier and higher populations suffer more LFD events. • LFD events frequency has increased at the southernmost beech forests. • Recent LFD events have larger geographical extent. Climate change is increasing the frequency of extreme climate events, causing profound impacts on forest function and composition. Late frost defoliation (LFD) events, the loss of photosynthetic tissues due to low temperatures at the start of the growing season, might become more recurrent under future climate scenarios. Therefore, the detection of changes in late-frost risk in response to global change emerges as a high-priority research topic. Here, we used a tree-ring network from southern European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forests comprising Spain, Italy and the Austrian Alps, to assess the incidence of LFD events in the last seven decades. We fitted linear-mixed models of basal area increment using different LFD indicators considering warm spring temperatures and late-spring frosts as fixed factors. We reconstructed major LFD events since 1950, matching extreme values of LFD climatic indicators with sharp tree-ring growth reductions. The last LFD events were validated using remote sensing. Lastly, reconstructed LFD events were climatically and spatially characterized. Warm temperatures before the late-spring frost, defined by high values of growing-degree days, influenced beech growth negatively, particularly in the southernmost populations. The number of LFD events increased towards beech southern distribution edge. Spanish and the southernmost Italian beech forests experienced higher frequency of LFD events since the 1990s. Until then, LFD events were circumscribed to local scales, but since that decade, LFD events became widespread, largely affecting the whole beech southwestern distribution area. Our study, based on in-situ evidence, sheds light on the climatic factors driving LFD occurrence and illustrates how increased occurrence and spatial extension of late-spring frosts might constrain future southern European beech forests' growth and functionality. Observed alterations in the climate-phenology interactions in response to climate change represent a potential threat for temperate deciduous forests persistence in their drier/southern distribution edge.

[en] The article deals with history of development and application of the outcomes of isotopic investigations of mineral waters performed in Armenia by different organizations. The article breafs the most interesting results and characterizes the scope of their application in solving a number of geological problems. Data on the age of carbonaceouse mineral waters of Armenia's major deposits used in balneology and for bottling purposes are provided too

[en] This book is about historic reductions Pamir's sources. In some chapters are present results of authors personal observations of influence of complex mountain-climatic factors of Pamirs on organism inhabitants

[en] The physical model of geyser oscillations presents a challenge to experts, even under controlled conditions met in a laboratory experiment. Despite complex dynamics some qualitative analysis can be made on an introductory physics level using observations and real-time data measurements. By varying the system parameters, one can achieve different behaviour from the hot spring to the geyser-like. We present a laboratory experiment of geyser eruptions and its analysis with real-time temperature and pressure monitoring combined with video recording. The presented geyser model proved to be useful as a student project that offers several new open-ended problems

[en] This research does to know the geological structure of the NPR geothermal area. We applied a gradient analysis and 3D modelling of gravity data based on bouguer anomaly, the additional method of euler deconvolution analysis to estimate the depth of the geological structure. The data consist of 325 points which was measured by PSDMBP team, Bandung. Based on the the result of horizontal gradien which is located at the maximum value and controlled by of vertical derivative which is located is at zero, we interpret that the appearance of a goethermal manifestation such as fumarole and hot spring controlled by the presence of fault. The average depth fault of Euler Deconvolution is < 288.5 meters to >480.2 meters. 3D modelling results indicates volcanic breksi stone, lava andesitand tuff and the presence of fault with some changing significantly rocks densities in the southwest and northwest to southeast research area. (paper)