[en] Topical pilocarpine (1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 per cent) and 2.0 per cent pilocarpine plus 1.0 per cent epinephrine markedly increased conventional aqueous humour outflow, as measured by non-invasive tomography, in both normal beagles and beagles with inherited glaucoma. Pilocarpine in normal eyes increased the coefficient or outflow from 0.33 mu-l/min/mmHg (pre-drug) to 0.55 mu-l/min/mmHg (1.0 per cent), 0.57 mu-l/min/mmHg (2.0 per cent), and 0.61 mu-l/min/mmHg (4.0 per cent). In beagles with inherited glaucoma, topical pilocarpine increased the coefficient of outflow from 0.15 mu-l/min/mmHg (pre-drug) to 0.24 mu-l/min/mmHg (1.0 per cent), 0.21 mu-l/min/mmHg (2.0 per cent) and 0.38 mu-l/min/mmHg (4.0 per cent). The 2.0 per cent pilocarpine plus 1.0 per cent epinephrine solution in normal eyes increased the coefficient of outflow from 0.27 mu-l/min/mmHg to 0.36 mu-l/min/mmHg. In the glaucomatous eyes the 2 per cent pilocarpine pus 1 per cent epinephrine combination, increased the coefficient outflow from 0.20 mu-l/min/mmHg to 0.30 mu-l/min/mmHg

[en] It is well known that double contrast knee arthrography is useful in diagnosis of meniscal lesions and other knee pathology. But intra-articular structures become less well delineated shortly after injection into the knee joint with water soluble contrast media because of rapid absorption and dilution of the injected media. This limits the time when sharply detailed arthrograms are obtainable and precludes repeat delayed arthrogram without reinjection of contrast media. In order to overcome this major disadvantage, the authors used epinephrine which has vasoconstrictive effect and is expected to reduce fluid movement across the synovial membrane temporarily. The authors attempted to compare epinephrine inhanced double contrast arthrographic group, epinephrine(+) group, to the double contrast arthrographic group without epinephrine, epinephrine(-) group, by statistical evaluation. Each group consisted of 35 cases and 7 lateral films of knee joint were taken sequentially 2, 6, 10, 15, 20, 30, and 60 minutes after injection of contrast media, and were assessed by 5 certified radiologists. The results were as follows: 1. The difference of mean score of quality between epinephrine(+) group and epinephrine(-) group was statistically significant at every time interval (ρ value < 0.01 at 2 minutes, ρ < 0.001 at all other time intervals). Epinephrine(+) group was superior to the epinephrine(-) group in quality of film. 2. Numbers of cases above score of 2 which was considered to be of diagnostic quality in evaluating meniscal lesions were larger in epinephrine(+) group than epinephrine(-) group at every time interval. And the difference between two groups was highly significant statistically (ρ < 0.001). 3. Only 43% of cases was above score of 2 at 10 minutes in epinephrine(-) group, but 97% at 10 minutes and 80% at 20 minutes respectively in epinephrine(+) group. Therefore duration for adequate study of arthrogram is prolonged more than two times in epinephrine(+) group. 4. At 30 minutes, 57% of cases was above score of 2 in epinephrine(+) group while at 15 minutes, 80% of cases was below score of 2 in epinephrine(-) group. This makes it possible to repeat study without additional injection of contrast media or postponing of the examination in half of cases, if necessary. 5. The use of epinephrine in knee arthrography results in significant enhancement of radiographic quality initially (ρ < 0.01). Therefore we can fluoroscope in good condition and obtain films of fine quality

[en] ¹³¹I-6-β-iodomethyl-19-norcholesterol (NP-59) has an advantage to assess adrenal dysfunction caused by adrenal cortical disorders. The aim of this study is to evaluate the clinical usefulness of NP-59 scintigraphy in each adrenal disease. Ten patients who did eleven NP-59 adrenal scintigraphies at Dong-A University Hospital from March 1990 to December 1996 were selected as the subject. Among the subject there were 5 cases of Cushing's syndrome, 2 cases of incidentaloma, 1 case of metastatic adrenal tumor, liver cirrhosis with hirsutism and hypertension respectively. Among 5 cases of Cushing's syndrome, there were 2 cases of Cushing's disease, 2 cases of adrenal adenoma and 1 case of adrenal carcinoma. There are no disagreement between clinical diagnosis and scan finding in Cushing's syndrome. In 2 incidentaloma cases, even though one is interpretated as a functioning tumor, both of 2 cases could avoid unnecessary biopsy according to scintigraphy result. One case of hirsutism, clinically adrenal originated, revealed the normal scintigraphic finding after dexamethasone suppression scan. It could suggest that the etiology of hirsutism was extra-adrenal origin. One case of hypertension took the study to exclude the possibility of primary aldosteronism. Normal suppression scan finding revealed that primary aldosteronism did not exist in this case. In conclusion, NP-59 scintigraphy was very useful in diagnosis and differential diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome and it could avoid unnecessary biopsy in the incidental adrenal tumor

[en] Background: Bronchiolitis is an acute inflammatory obstruction. of small In children that occurs In first two years of life and is by fever, rhinitis, cough, tachypnoea, expiratory wheeze and increased respiratory effort To study efficacy of nebulized adrenaline compared with placebo in acute bronchiolitis. Quasi-experimental study carried out at Department of aediatrics, King Edward Medical University/ Mayo Hospital, Lahore from October 2006 through March 2007. After consent from parents, sixty children of age between 2 months to 2 years with the first episode consistent with clinical case definition of bronchiolitis were included by using convenient sampling. clinical scoring system was used to grade the severity of disease as well as to monitor the efficacy of intervention. Those having score = 8 were randomly allocated to the two study groups. The information was recorded at 0 minute and effect of each method of treatment was followed for 90 minutes. Results: Our study population was 60 children. The mean age was 11:1:6 Months. Male to female ratio was 1.2: 1. Mean weight of the Children was 9:1:3 kg. Improvement in clinical score, oxygen saturation, and length of hospital at 0 and 90 minutes was noted in both groups but when compared with placebo, there was no Statistically significant difference. Conclusion: There is no difference in the efficacy of nebulization with adrenaline compared with placebo in the management of acute bronchiolitis. (author)

No abstract available

[en] In a previous PET study on norepinephrine transporter (NET) occupancy in the nonhuman primate brain, the relationship between NET occupancy and atomoxetine plasma concentration, and occupancies among different brain regions, were not demonstrated adequately. It may therefore be difficult to translate the results to the clinical situations. In the present study, the detailed change of NET occupancy was investigated among a wider range of doses in a more advanced manner. Two rhesus monkeys were examined using a high-resolution PET system with (S,S)-[¹⁸F]FMeNER-D₂ under baseline conditions and after steady-state infusion of different doses of atomoxetine (0.003 to 0.12 mg/kg per hour). NET occupancy of the thalamus, brainstem and anterior cingulate cortex was calculated using BP_ND obtained with the simplified reference tissue model. NET occupancy increased regionally and uniformly as the plasma concentration of atomoxetine increased. The estimated Kd value (the amount to occupy 50% of NET) in the thalamus was 16 ng/ml. The results indicate that clinical doses of atomoxetine would occupy NET almost completely. (orig.)

[en] A previous study identified a 348-bp region at the 5' end of the 8.5-kb latency-associated transcript (LAT) of HSV-1 strain 17Syn+ that is necessary for maximum adrenergically induced reactivation following transcorneal iontophoresis of epinephrine , J. Virol. 70, 2449-2459). In that study, the construct with complete deletion of the 348-bp region, 17Δ348, failed to achieve the high reactivation frequency demonstrated by the parent (17Syn+) and rescued (17Δ348R) viruses. To further characterize the function of the 348-bp region, we analyzed two genetic constructs with partial deletions in the same 348-bp region, 17Δ201 and 17Δ207, in the rabbit model. Both constructs exhibited the same high reactivation frequencies demonstrated by the parent 17Syn+ and the rescued 17Δ348R viruses. These results suggest that the control of reactivation is distributed over a large portion of the 348-bp region, rather than being confined within a smaller, more discrete region. To assess whether the low reactivation phenotype of the 17Δ348 construct was caused by a requirement for proper spacing of elements outside the 348-bp region, we constructed a virus (17Δ348St) that contained a 360-bp stuffer fragment of heterologous DNA (lacZ) to maintain the proper spacing. The 17Δ348St construct also displayed a low reactivation phenotype, similar to that of 17Δ348, suggesting that the effect of deleting this segment of the 5' exon of LAT is obtained through a mechanism other than the disruption of spacing

[en] Positive contrast radiography of both shoulder joints with different concentrations of Uropolin (containing 1.6 g sodium amidotrizoate and 10.4 g meglumine amidotrizoate in 20 ml ampules; Polfa, Poland) has been performed in six dogs, divided into 3 groups. The first group was injected with 20% Uropolin, the second - with 30% Uropolin and the third - with 30% Uropolin and 0.2 ml 0.1% adrenaline hydrochloride. Shoulder radiographs were performed 2, 5 and 10 min after the injection of the contrast medium in mediolateral and craniocaudal views. The quality of radiographs was assessed visually using a four score system for five independent parameters in both views. The results showed a better quality of mediolateral radiographs 5 minutes after injection of 30% Uropolin (average score 12.5) compared to 20% Uropolin (average score 8.5), at p<0.05. The addition of 0.1% adrenaline hydrochloride to 30% Uropolin resulted in a better quality of arthrographs up to 10 minutes following the administration (average score 10 compared to 8.5 in the group with independent application, p<0.01)

[en] Background: Laparoscopic transabdominal preperitoneal inguinal hernia repair (TAPP) is technically demanding procedure with relatively long learning curve. Procedure is associated with operative and postoperative complications and pain, especially when performed by inexperienced surgeon. Most of the problems are associated with different anatomical environment and technical inadequacy. In order to make TAPP relatively simple with better visibility of landmarks, we used pre peritoneal infiltration of 60-100ml saline with lidocaine and epinephrine before proceeding for TAPP repair. Methods: About 60-100 ml of diluted lidocaine with epinephrine solution was injected in pre peritoneal space below arcuate line and extending to and around hernial sac. Care is taken not to inject in triangle of doom. Laparoscopic aspiration needle was used for injection after lifting peritoneum with grasper. Tumescent TAPP was performed in 35 patients (32 men, 3 women; mean age, 44.3 years). Results: With use of tumescent TAPP, it was relatively simple to identify anatomical landmarks owing to bloodless field. One of the main advantages was demonstration of procedure to residents leading to better understanding and more confident dissection while being performed under supervision. The mean operation time was 95 min. ranging from 55 to 110 minutes. Another advantage was reduced pain in early post-operative period. Conclusions: Tumescent injection before TAPP is easier and safe with advantage of clearer anatomy and reduced postoperative pain. (author)

[en] N-Isopropylnorephedrine (INE) and N-fluoroisopropylnorephedrine (FINE) were found to have a poor affinity for either β-adrenoceptors and the norepinephrine carrier protein. The low affinity of both compounds for Uptake-1 is probably due to the introduction of a bulky substituent on the nitrogen atom. It is concluded that INE and FINE cannot be used for cardiac imaging with PET