[en] The purpose of this study was to investigate the proximate characteristics found of nano-calcium in shells of blood cockle (Anadara granosa liin) in four different areas, namely Kenjeran, Surabaya; Gresik Regency; Sedati District, Sidoarjo Regency; and Bluru District, Sidoarjo Regency. The parameters used were yields, proximate analysis and mineral content of calcium (Ca) and lead (Pb). The results showed that the nano-calcium in blood cockle shell from Kenjeran, Surabaya, had the lowest yield value of 0.2448 grams. The highest proximate result of ash content was found in the shell of the cockle from Bluru, as much as 53.46%. (paper)

[en] An alternative to the production of fossil transportation fuels is the production of biofuels, particularly, bioethanol. One of the main opportunity areas is the reduction in the overall cost of biofuel. An approach to reduce this cost is to design and implement a supply chain (SC) that considers the quality-related properties of the biomass as well as the economies of scale to minimize the logistics and quality-related costs. This problem is formulated as a hub location problem, which has been classified as an NP-hard problem, thus, meta-heuristics are a suitable approach to solve this problem. We propose a hybrid meta-heuristic solution procedure to solve large-scale instances of a two-stage stochastic biomass-to-biorefinery hub-and-spoke network problem. This solution procedure is proposed to support the large-scale production and distribution of bioethanol by considering the variability in its moisture and ash contents. The hybrid method utilizes a simulated annealing-simplex method to find an initial solution and a tabu search-simplex method to improve the solution. Numerical experimentation was performed on a realistic case study in Texas. The findings demonstrate that the hybrid procedure outperforms the standard L-shaped (LS) method. The meta-heuristic combining simulated annealing and tabu search with the simplex method (SATS-SM) achieved 2.48% lower costs and required 96.57% less time, on average, when compared to the results from using the LS.

[en] Kaledo is one of the special culinary from Central Sulawesi which containing beef bones. The large number of restaurants that provide kaledo in their menus resulted in the amount of beef bone waste that cannot be consumed. This waste can cause environmental problems. However, the bones have the number of minerals, one of them is calcium (Ca). Ca is a mineral that is needed by the body in maintaining body functions. This study aimed to determine the calcium levels in beef bones from kaledo waste which was taken randomly from the kaledo restaurant in Palu. Determination of calcium levels in beef bones from kaledo waste used atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results of the analysis showed that the water content was 4.5950%, and the ash content was 61.7424%. The analysis of calcium levels measured at a wavelength of 422.7 nm was 19,6800 mg/L. The results of this study are expected to be a source of information about the levels of calcium contained in cow bones from kaledo waste, and it can be used further as a substance in the utilization of beef bones from kaledo waste as a food that can meet the body’s need for calcium intake in preventing stunting. (paper)

[en] We have reviewed the literature on coke preparation for blast furnace smelting, including studies on particle size distribution. We describe the basic requirements on coke quality in light of the widespread adoption of pulverized coal fuel injection technology for blast furnaces in the Russian and Ukrainian metallurgical industries.

[en] Short communication. 2 refs, 1 fig., 1 tab

[en] Estonian oil shale ash contains chemically active compounds which would undergo different spontaneous transformations in the atmosphere of air. For explaining these processes the system ash-water-air was studied storing moisture samples of ash in laboratory in open-air as well as hermetic conditions. The samples of dry ash formed at pulverized combustion of oil shale at the Baltic Power Plant, and samples obtained from ash storing plateau from different depth of different boreholes were under investigation. Storing conditions as well as the properties of initial samples have a great influence upon the processes taking place at storing of ashes. The results obtained could be used to explain and control the processes taking place at storing of ashes under atmospheric (wet) conditions

[en] This paper deals with the possibility of the utilization of used motor oils as non-ionic collectors in the flotation separation. Flotation tests were performed on a sample of coal from Poland. The criterion was to achieve the yield of concentrate over 70% and ash content below 10%. The results of laboratory investigations have shown that the application of used motor oils as flotation agents is possible. (paper)

[en] Exotic species especially Asteraceae plants severely invade wetlands in Shenzhen Bay, an important part of the coast wetland in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Bay Area, China. However, the reasons causing their expansion are unclear. The leaf traits and expansion indices of six invasive Asteraceae plants from the Overseas Chinese Town (OCT) wetland were studied and the results showed that nearly 45% of the total plant species (31 out of 69 species) in the OCT wetland, belonging to 15 families and 27 genera, were exotic invasive species. The expansion indices of six Asteraceae species negatively correlated with their leaf construction cost based on mass (CCM), caloric values and carbon concentration, but their relations with ash content were positive. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that CCM was the most important factor affecting the expansion of an exotic species, indicating CCM may be an important reason causing the expansion of exotic species in coastal wetlands.

[en] Present article is devoted to organo mineral wastes of coal development and processing as a complex energy raw material. The technical conditions on using of ash slag products as fuel for application in various types of furnace plants depending on their humidity, ash content and sulphur content was elaborated.

[en] A stockpile probe based on backscattered gamma-gamma-ray technique was tested for the determination of coal ash. A centralized tool employing a gamma-ray source of very low radioactivity (1.85 MBq) was used. This logging tool was tested using ¹³⁷Cs and ¹³³Ba sources with a 37 mm (diameter) by 75 mm NaI (TI) scintillation detector. Ten source-detector configurations were analyzed using ¹³⁷Cs, and another nine source-detector configurations are analyzed, using ¹³³Ba source, both for four geophysical models, having a borehole diameter of 90 mm. Regression analysis on the laboratory logging data for each studied configuration was carried out in order to establish calibration equations for ash prediction. The optimum configuration for the logging stockpile probe using ¹³⁷Cs source was determined to be 80 mm source to detector spacing, and 80 mm iron thickness shielding. This configuration gives the best results for ash prediction. The root mean square (rms) deviation for ash is 1.52%. The optimum configuration for the logging stockpile probe using ¹³³Ba source is determined to be 85 mm source to detector spacing, and 50 mm iron thickness shielding. This configuration gives the best results for ash prediction, where the rms deviation for ash is 1.47%