No abstract available

[en] Selection criteria and procedures for pilots are described. The organisation of normal operation and emergency situations is outlined. Training and manuals are discussed

[en] The latest document of the International Commission for Radiological Protection, ICRP 60, recommends that members of civil aircraft crews be classed as professional staff working with radiation sources. The reason for this is that such people are exposed at a level which regularly exceeds the highest permissible limit for the population, which is 1 mSv/yr. The assumed basic characteristics are given for radiation fields, particularly at heights typical for subsonic aircraft (10 to 13 km), and problems whose addressing will require availability of adequately precise information on the aircraft crew exposure are pointed to. Basic data relating to supersonic aircraft (flight heights 17 to 20 km) are also presented. Attention is paid to factors affecting the overall exposure, such as the geomagnetic shielding, solar cycle phase, season of the year, etc. Some of the data for a height of 12 km are given, based on the estimated crew exposure at some typical flight routes. (Z.S.). 2 tabs., 4 figs., 15 refs

[en] Short communication

[en] Potential crew hazards resulting from radioactive cloud penetrations are investigated and the seriousness of each potential hazard is discussed. Preventive measures to alleviate the potential hazards are discussed

[en] Assessment of the difficulty and cost of research and development relating to distributed aviation systems is considered. A problem is that the participants in development projects may assess them subjectively. Analysis of the basic methods used to assess the difficulty and cost of research and development in industry and associated fields reveals their deficiencies.

[en] The cosmic radiation environment at air carrier flight altitudes is described and estimates are given of the amount of galactic cosmic radiation received on a wide variety of routes to and from, and within the United States. Methods are provided to assess health risks incurred by aircrews from occupational exposure to galactic radiation. On the 32 flights studied, the highest dose of galactic radiation received by a crew member who worked as many as 1000 block hours a year would be less than half the average annual limit of 20 mSv recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection for a non-pregnant occupationally exposed adult. A pregnant crew member who worked 70 block hours a month for 5 months would exceed the recommended 2mSv pregnancy limit on about one-third of the flights. (author)

[en] The radiation environment in the stratosphere is a result of the interaction of charged particles of solar and galactic origin with the magnetosphere and the atmosphere of the Earth. The intensities and the composition of the radiation field change and latitude and with solar activity. At cruising altitudes between 11 and 13 Km aircraft crews are exposed to doses up to 10 μSv.h^-1 by galactic cosmic rays and their secondary products. This exposure came into the focus of interest, when the International Commission on Radiation Protection (ICRP) recommended a decrease in the annual limit from 50 mSv to 20 mSv for occupational exposures due to greatly increased excess cancer risk coefficients for low level exposures. ICRP recommends including the operation of jet aircraft as occupational exposure. Applying 600 flight hours, crews become one of the most highly exposed occupational groups. This paper presents a review of available data and indicates areas where additional research is highly recommended. (author)

[en] Radiation exposure of aircrew and passengers on boards of Czechoslovak Airlines (CSA) subsonic aircraft was studied. It was found that the exposure levels depends on flights altitude, changes also with geographical position (latitude and longitude). Measurements were performed during 1991 to 1993 years; i.e. at the period of sun maximum and immediately after it. Total dose equivalent rates did not exceed 10 μSv per hour of flight. An increasing of its level with decreasing sun activity has been already registered. (orig.)

[en] Short communication