[en] Six banana clones with varying levels of resistance were inoculated with conidial suspension of races 1 and 4 of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (FOC). Chitinase activity in the corm and root tissues was monitored before and after infection to relate with the field resistance or susceptibility of banana cultivars. Resistant clones showed high constitutive chitinase activity in roots and a rapid response to infection. The results suggest that chitinase could be considered as part of a complex mechanism leading to disease resistance. (author)

[en] Lignin is a recalcitrant compound that has potential as fuels and chemicals on industries. Contamination of recalcitrant compound with the lignin-like structure on the ecosystem is being concerned worldwide. Fungi is the most targeted organisms with lignin-degrading ability, can secrets laccase and peroxidase to facilitate free radical chain reaction on lignin complex structure. Isolation, screening and identification for isolate with ligninolytic ability is the main purpose of this project. Phylum Ascomycota and Basidiomycota be the main target of this research. Isolation technics that being used are surface sterilization with distilled water and NaClO on PDA medium. Pure culture with ability to grow on lignin minimal medium with black liquor as the only carbon sources then are identified by molecular identification. Isolates that can grow on lignin minimal medium are identified as Fusarium verticillioides strain CBS 127178, Lasiodiplodia sp. LAS-2016 strain CBS 125262, Trichoderma harzianum strain 35814DRJ, and Lasiodiplodia theobromae strain CBS 127106. Four isolates obtained with lignin-degrading ability then preserved by cryopreservation technic for use in the next projects. (paper)

[en] In order to determine the antibiotics on Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. from Chrysanthemum coronarium L., we studied the bacteriostatic activity of 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid (chlorogenic acid) which was isolated from the stem and leaf tissues of Chrysanthemum. The MIC and MFC of F. oxysporum f. sp. were 31.25 mg · mL^-1 and 125 mg · m L^-1 respectively. The EC₅₀ of chlorogenic acid to F. oxysporum f. sp. was 53.05 mg · mL^-1 by indoor virulence assay. The spore germination rates of watermelon F. oxysporum f. sp. were 64%, 33% and 12% at the concentrations of 31.25, 125, 53.05 mg · mL^-1, respectively, while the spore germination rate reached to 92% at the concentration of 0, the difference of spore germination rate between treatments was significant by Duncan's difference analysis. With the increase of pharmacy concentration, the hyphae and fresh weight of F. oxysporum f. sp. showed a decreasing trend. In addition, the treatment of the agent increased the cell membrane permeability and accelerated the rate of infiltration of the inner electrolyte. This research can provide scientific basis for further development and utilization of Chrysanthemum, and a feasible experimental method and theoretical basis for the screening of other natural antibacterial active ingredients and the study of the mechanism of bacteriostasis, which has important academic value and application prospect for research and development of new natural plant source fungicides. (authors)

[en] The mutants produced from the maize line WF9 in our department between 1961-67 were considered regarding stem-strength and Fusarium resistance. The treatments have essentially improved the stem strength of the original line in a great many (11 cases out of 29), and the lodging rate has considerably decreased. Regarding the Fusarium contamination, the changes are mostly disadvantageous, but we achieved definite positive changes in the cases of four mutants. This improvement is also interesting because it coincides with the improvement of the step strength in all cases, and with the considerable increase in protein content in three of the four sublines. (author)

[en] Highlights: • Kin1 deletion in A. fumigatus does not affect septation, growth and virulence. • Fluorescence microscopy revealed Kin1 localization at the center of the septum. • Bimolecular fluorescence assay confirmed interaction of Kin1 and calcineurin. • Phosphoproteomics identified Kin1 as a substrate of calcineurin. • Kin1 is differentially phosphorylated in vivo in the absence of calcineurin. Studies in yeasts have implicated the importance of Kin1 protein kinase, a member of the eukaryotic PAR1/MARK/MELK family, in polarized growth, cell division and septation through coordinated activity with the phosphatase, calcineurin. Kin1 is also required for virulence of the fungal pathogens Cryptococcus neoformans and Fusarium graminearum. Here we show that kin1 deletion in the human fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus does not affect hyphal growth and septation but results in differential susceptibility to antifungals targeting the cell wall and cell membrane. The Δkin1 strain remained virulent in a Galleria mellonella model of invasive aspergillosis. Expression of Kin1 tagged to GFP or RFP showed its stable localization at the septum. Co-localization experiments revealed calcineurin (CnaA) localization on either side of Kin1 at the septum suggesting possible interaction. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay confirmed the interaction of Kin1 with CnaA at the hyphal tips and septa in the presence of the antifungal caspofungin. Furthermore, phosphoproteomic analyses for the first time revealed Kin1 as a substrate of calcineurin providing novel insight into Kin1 regulation through calcineurin-mediated dephosphorylation mechanism.

[en] Nine fungal strains related to: Trametes versicolor, Nigrospora oryzae, Inonotus radiatus, Crumenulopsis sororia, Coryneum betulinum, Cryptosporiopsis radicicola, Fusarium equiseti, Rhodotorula glutinis and Candida parapsilosis were tested for their ability to degrade humulones and lupulones. The best results were obtained for T. versicolor culture, in which humulones and lupulones were fully degraded after 4 days of incubation in the dark or after 36 h in the light. The experiments were performed on a commercial hop extract and on sterilized spent hops

[en] Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum (FON), a soil-borne pathogen of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus), can cause substantial production losses worldwide. In this study, plate culture and PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) methods were used to evaluate the effects of inoculation of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. niveum on rhizosphere microbial communities of different watermelon cultivars to FON. Two methods indicated that the effects of watermelon rhizosphere microbial community of different resistance cultivars to FON were much different. Populations of culturable bacteria and actinomycetes in the rhizosphere of susceptible watermelon cultivar were significantly lower than in the resistant cultivar after inoculation (P<0.05), but the opposite result was observed for fungi. Principal component analysis of bacterial and fungal community structure also showed that the cultivar of FON-inoculated soil treatment were separated from the non-inoculated controls after inoculation, and there was clear discrimination between the susceptible cultivars and the resistant cultivars. Sequence analysis of specific bands from DGGE profiles showed that specific rhizosphere bacterial and fungal groups differed between watermelon cultivars after inoculation . Both methods demonstrated that different resistant watermelon cultivars occupied different rhizosphere microbial communities, and and disease suppression might be correlated with high microbial diversity. F. oxysporum f. sp. Niveum alters the structure and functional diversity of microbial communities associated with watermelon rhizosphere. (author)

[en] The pathogenic bacteria of Fusarium oxysporum were obtained through tissue separation. The inhibition of 13 fungicides on growth of Fusarium oxysporum was determined in laboratory. The results showed 30% Trimethoprim WP and 10% difenoconazole WG significantly inhibited the growth of Fusarium oxysporum at EC50 of 0.0025μg / mL and 0.8120μg / mL, respectively. Whereas, 99% hymexazol TF,50% chlorothalonil WP, 70% thiophanate-methyl WP, 50% thiram WP, fairly inhibited the growth at EC50 <10μg / Ml. The 50% iprodione WP, 50% procymidone WP, 65% Oxadixyl WP, 15% triadimefon WP, 70% mancozeb WP, 10% polyoxin WP, and 65% Tiezene WP provided less effects. The 30% trifloxystrone WP and 10% difenoconazole WG were tested in field due to their well performance in laboratory.The control efficacy was significantly higher than that of 30% Rui Miaoqing that functioned as control. (author)

[en] Mycotoxin production (deoxynivalenol (DON), acetyl deoxynivalenol (A DON) and zearalenone) by Fusarium culmorum inoculated on to maize (heat sterilized, irradiation sterilized and non-sterile) and irradiated to 1 kGy or 3 kGy, or unirradiated, was investigated over a period of time. Lowest mycotoxin production was observed on non-sterile maize which may be due to the presence of a competitive microflora on non-sterile maize. In general, mycotoxin production was higher on heat-sterilized grain as compared to irradiation-sterilized maize. It was suggested that this pattern of mycotoxin production was possibly caused by changes in the grain brought about by autoclaving, which favoured mycotoxin production and possibly induced changes in irradiation-sterilized maize which inhibited mycotoxin production. On sterile maize, there was no significant difference in DON production by unirradiated, 1 kGy and 3 kGy irradiated cultures up to 56 d of incubation; between days 56 and 77 of incubation, DON production increased rapidly with largest increases occurring in irradiated (1 kGy and 3 kGy) cultures. On non-sterile grain, neither DON nor A DON were detected in unirradiated cultures of F. culmorum but were detected in cultures irradiated to 1 kGy and 3 kGy. In practice grain should be stored under conditions of temperature and moisture content which prevent fungal growth. However, in this study, the grain was stored under conditions that were approaching ideal for growth of the test organism. The results highlight that irradiation disinfestation of grain must be combined with good grain handling practices so that excessive mycotoxin production can be prevented during storage. (Author)

[en] A dimeric hydrogenase enzyme (44.5 and 39.4 kDa sub units) was isolated in a 39.5% yield from the fungus Fusarium oxysporum and purified 4.64-fold by ion exchange chromatography on Sephacryl S-200. Characterisation of the enzyme afforded pH and temperature optima of 7.5 and 38 ^oC, respectively, a half-life stability of 36 min and a V_max and K_m of 3.57 nmol min^-1 mL^-1 and 2.25 mM, respectively. This enzyme was inhibited (non-competitively) by hydrogen hexachloroplatinic acid (H₂PtCl₆) at 1 or 2 mM with a K_i value of 118 μM. Incubation of the platinum salt with the pure enzyme under an atmosphere of hydrogen and optimum enzyme conditions (pH 7.5, 38 ^oC) afforded <10% bioreduction after 8 h while at conditions suitable for platinum nanoparticle formation (pH 9, 65 ^oC) over 90% reduction took place after the same length of time. Cell-free extract from the fungal isolates produced nearly 90% bioreduction of the platinum salt under both pH and temperature conditions. The bioreduction of the platinum salt by a hydrogenase enzyme takes place by a passive process and not an active one as previously understood.