[en] Discrete particulate signal sources such as positron-emitting radioactive particles of sufficiently small size to pass through capillary beds are injected intravenously and become randomly distributed in the circulating blood volume. The particles are tracked in three dimensions whenever they appear in the region of the heart by means of high resolution high-speed gamma detectors that surround the chest. These recordings of particle position as a function of time are analyzed and whenever a particle follows a flow path indicating that it is passing through a coronary artery, the velocity of blood as it flows through the artery is measured by timing the transit of the particle. From the accumulated data of multiple particle transits through the coronary circulation, a three-dimensional representation of the lumen of the coronary arterial system is constructed

[en] Investigation of a new, high efficiency technique for the preparation of laboratory sources of ₆₈Ga by electrocodeposition of ₆₈GeCu³ from dilute alkaline cyanide baths is reported. Procedures are described which have resulted in stable and aherent plates of millicurie intensity. The specific activity of the material is shown to be a critical factor in producing thin (<= 1 mg/cm₂) sources while achieving plating efficiencies in excess of 75%. (orig.)

No abstract available

[en] Radiolabeled Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) and bombesin (BBN) peptide analogs have been extensively investigated for the imaging of tumor integrin α_vβ₃ and gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) expression, respectively. Recently, we designed and synthesized a RGD-BBN heterodimeric peptide from c(RGDyK) and BBN(7-14) through a glutamate linker. The goal of this study was to investigate the dual receptor-targeting property and tumor diagnostic value of RGD-BBN heterodimeric peptide labeled with generator-eluted ⁶⁸Ga (t_1/2 68 min, β⁺ 89% and EC 11%), ⁶⁸Ga-NOTA-RGD-BBN. RGD-BBN heterodimer was conjugated with 1,4,7-triazacyclononanetriacetic acid (NOTA) and labeled with ⁶⁸Ga. The dual receptor binding affinity was investigated by a radioligand competition binding assay. The in vitro and in vivo dual receptor targeting of ⁶⁸Ga-NOTA-RGD-BBN was evaluated and compared with that of ⁶⁸Ga-NOTA-RGD and ⁶⁸Ga-NOTA-BBN. NOTA-RGD-BBN had integrin α_vβ₃ and GRPR binding affinities comparable to those of the monomeric RGD and BBN, respectively. The dual receptor targeting property of ⁶⁸Ga-NOTA-RGD-BBN was validated by blocking studies in a PC-3 tumor model. ⁶⁸Ga-NOTA-RGD-BBN showed higher tumor uptake than ⁶⁸Ga-NOTA-RGD and ⁶⁸Ga-NOTA-BBN. ⁶⁸Ga-NOTA-RGD-BBN can also image tumors with either integrin or GRPR expression. ⁶⁸Ga-NOTA-RGD-BBN exhibited dual receptor targeting properties both in vitro and in vivo. The favorable characterizations of ⁶⁸Ga-NOTA-RGD-BBN such as convenient synthesis, high specific activity, and high tumor uptake, warrant its further investigation for clinical cancer imaging. (orig.)

[en] Malaysian Nuclear Agency (NM) assists National Cancer Institute (IKN) in conducting radionuclide purity analysis on Gallium-68 (⁶⁸Ga) chloride produced by cyclotrons. The gamma radiation-based radionuclide purity determination using gamma spectroscopy ensures that the Gallium-68 (⁶⁸Ga) chloride produced complies with established international standards. Each sample must pass several quality control criteria measured in intervals of 1, 12 and 24 hours before it can be ensured to comply with the standards that have been set. The product complies with the part of the European Pharmacopoeia (EP) 10 Edition requirements. (author)

[en] Radiolabeled prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) analogues have been used for developing gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) targeted imaging probes, and tracers with excellent in vivo performance including high tumor uptake, high contrast, and favourable pharmacokinetics are highly desired. In particular, the GRPR has been identified on prostate and breast cancers and on gastrointestinal stromal tumors. This study aimed to formulate and evaluate a preparation of PSMA cold kit later reconstituting with [⁶⁸Ga]GaCl₃ solution to obtain the ⁶⁸Ga-labeled DOTA-PSMA peptide for specific targeting to GRPR overexpressed on prostate cancer cells. The DOTA-PSMA cold kit was formulated at 40 μg of DOTA-PSMA with addition of 40 μL of 1.5M Sodium Acetate to give the final pH of 3.9 at the addition of 1.0 mL Ga-68 solution. The mixture solution was dispensed 1.0 mL each into a clean vial and was lyophilized. The optimum radiolabeling condition was found to be at pH 3.0 to 4.0, 15 minutes incubation at 90 degree Celsius. The stability of ⁶⁸Ga-DOTA-PSMA incubated in human serum albumin (HSA) at 37 degree Celsius was analyzed by using the iTLC method, the results showed that this cold kit has a potential for the radioimaging of GRPR-positive tumors. (author)

[en] Bone is a favorable site of metastasis and is invaded common primary tumors such as prostate, breast, and lung. Due to the progressive pain and mortality of the bone metastasis, effort has been focused on the detection of bone metastasis in the field of nuclear medicine (Mitterhauser, Toegel et al. 2007, Mirzaei, Jalilian et al. 2015). In designing suitable imaging agents for bone metastasis, multidentate polyaminophosphonate are regarded as the most promising candidates as carrier ligands owing to their high bone affinity, selective localization in skeletal lesions and ability to form metal chelates with high in-vivo stability (Chakraborty, Das et al. 2008). 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetramethylene. Freeze-dried DOTMP kit vial was consist of 400 μ of DOTMP, 19.27 mg of ammonium acetate and 17.62 mg of ascorbic acid. All the preparative steps were carried out under aseptic conditions, and the prepared kit vials were shown in Fig. 3(A). The easy and efficient labeling of this kit with 68Ga make them suitable for preparing 68Ga-DOTMP for imaging of bone metastasis

[en] Neuroendocrine tumors specifically over-express somatostatin receptors. Their diagnosis has expanded due to radiolabelling of DOTA-peptides such as somatostatin analogue DOTA-1-Nal"3-Octreotide (DOTA-NOC) conjugated to β+ emitting radionuclides such as "6"8Ga, with very favorable decay-properties. This paper describes the radiolabeling procedures of DOTA-NOC with "6"8Ga, in a pure aqueous medium and in presence of non-aqueous solvents as well as the methods used for quality control where a formulation is obtained with a radiochemical yield exceeding 95%. Adding ethanol (30% - v / v) to the reaction mixture allowed increasing the specific activity of "6"8Ga-DOTA-NOC radioconjugated, reaching a value of 182 MBq / nmol, higher than reported in literature (50 MBq / nmol) for labeling in a pure aqueous medium. Stability studies are also presented (in presence of saline solution and saline phosphate buffer, transmetallation studies in Fe"3"+, Ca"2"+, Mg"2"+ and Zn"2"+ solutions, challenges competition against EDTA and DTPA chelators and in vitro stability in human transferrin) performed to "6"8Ga- DOTA-NOC radioconjugated, showing its high stability (> 95%). Compared with the aqueous medium, the use of non aqueous solvents in the synthesis of radioconjugate DOTA-1-Nal"3-octreotide labeled with gallium-68, helps reduce the mass of conjugate and the reaction time, significantly increase yields and specific activity of the labeled compound. This could facilitate obtaining the product with better characteristics in modular systems that are under development. (author)

[en] The process under this invention for making a solution of gallium 68 from germanium 68 involves taking up the germanium 68 on particles of tin dioxide and then eluting the gallium 68 produced by radioactive decay of the germanium 68 taken up on these particles by means of a hydrochloric acid solution. The germanium is advantageously taken up on these tin dioxide particles by causing a solution of hydrochloric acid comprising some germanium 68 to circulate in a column filled with these tin dioxide particles. The hydrochloric acid solution used for taking up the germanium 68 on the tin dioxide particles has a hydrochloric acid concentration of between 0.5 and 4 N. The hydrochloric acid solution employed for extracting the gallium 68 by elution of these particles has a hydrochloric acid concentration of between 1 N and 2 N. Advantageously, the hydrochloric acid solutions employed to take up the germanium 68 and to extract the gallium 68 have the identical hydrochloric acid concentration and preferably one of around 1 N. The process has the particular advantage of leading to the production of a gallium 68 solution in ionic form, which can be used directly for labelling pharmaceutical compositions, for example for labelling microspheres of human albumin serum or for preparing gallium 68 citrate or pyrophosphate

[en] Gallium-68 is a promising emerging positron emitting radionuclide used in PET imaging. It is produced using ⁶⁸Ge/⁶⁸Ga generator. Gallium-68 has a half-life of 68 min while its parent Germanium-68 has a half-life of 271 days. Gallium-68 is most often utilized in radiopharmaceuticals for oncology diagnostics, however its potential has also been demonstrated in non-oncological imaging such as inflammation and infection. Moreover, some therapeutic radionuclides resemble coordination chemistry of Ga(III) thus facilitating the radio theranostic development wherein the pre-therapeutic imaging and radiology and therapy are conducted with the same vector molecule exchanging the imaging and therapeutic radionuclides. Few clinically used ⁶⁸Ga-labeled radiopharmaceuticals include; ⁶⁸Ga-PSMA-11: an excellent imaging agent for metastatic as well as recurrent prostate cancer overexpressing Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA) is type-II transmembrane protein. Its sensitivity is good even at low PSA levels and sub-centimeter sized lesions and provides a good tumor-to-background contrast; ⁶⁸Ga-DOTA-NOC / ⁶⁸Ga-DOTA-TOC/ ⁶⁸Ga-DOTA-TATE for localization of somatostatin expressing well differentiated neuroendocrine tumors; ⁶⁸Ga- DOTA-exendin-4 for imaging of GLP-1R-expressing tumors located on beta cells which are overexpressed on insulinomas, which are insulin-secreting neuroendocrine tumors; ⁶⁸Ga-Pentixafor for imaging of chemokine receptor CXCR4 expression in multiple myeloma, lymphoma and solid tumors; ⁶⁸Ga-DOTA Substance P for glioma imaging by targeting NK-1 receptor system; ⁶⁸Ga- Citrate for infection imaging; ⁶⁸Ga-DOTAZOL/⁶⁸Ga BPAMD for evaluation of skeletal metastases. The advantages of this new bone imaging PET tracer are the very high target to soft tissue ratio and fast clearance. ⁶⁸Ga-Fibroblast Imaging uses quinoline-based PET tracers that act as Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) inhibitors which are overexpressed in cancer-associated fibroblasts of several tumor entities. It has demonstrated promising results preclinically and in a few clinical cases. There are several other ⁶⁸Ga radiopharmaceuticals with good potential for clinical translation that are currently under research. (author)