[en] Coaxial electrospray has been used effectively for several dual-emitter applications, but has not been utilized for the study of rapid in-source chemistry. In this paper, we report the fabrication of a coaxial, micro-volume dual-emitter through the modification of a manufacturer’s standard electrospray probe. This modification creates rapid mixing inside the Taylor cone and the ability to manipulate fast reactions using a variety of solvents and analytes. We demonstrate its potential as a low-cost, dual-emitter assembly for diverse applications through three examples: relative ionization in a biphasic electrospray, hydrogen-deuterium exchange, and protein supercharging. .

[en] Dimensionless characteristics of turbines are discussed. On that basis, a universal method of mathematical approximation is formulated. The approximation of the turbine characteristics in a TKR-10ST turbocompressor is considered, as an example.

[en] Since reliability is one of the most important indicators of engines, reliability research has been increasing used in engines widely. These studies are based on the failure data which are obtained during working time, and the distribution can be summarized by using computer aided technology, hence improving the product reliability. With the help of computer aided technology, the reliability fuzzy prediction method of the engine system, for example, is used in supercharging system to verify the feasibility. (paper)

[en] Sigma models describing low energy effective actions on D0-brane probes with N=8 supercharges are studied in detail using a manifestly d=1, N=4 superspace formalism. Two (0+1)-dimensional N=4 multiplets together with their general actions are constructed. We derive the condition for these actions to be N=8 supersymmetric and apply these techniques to various D-brane configurations. We find that if in addition to N=8 supersymmetry the action must also have Spin(5) invariance, the form of the σ model metric is uniquely determined by the one-loop result and is not renormalized perturbatively or nonperturbatively. copyright 1997 The American Physical Society

[en] We consider the motion of an electron in plane perpendicular to the magnetic field which possesses supersymmetry with two supercharges. It is shown that stationary states as a consequence of supersymmetry can have entanglement between spin and coordinate variables of the electron. Squared concurrence for these states is equal to the sum of the squared mean value of supercharges divided by the energy of the electron. The eigenstates of the supercharges are maximally entangled.

[en] In order to solve the problems of complex transmission and low power density of water jet propulsion devices, a direct-driven multistage supercharging structure suitable for such devices is designed, and the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method is used for numerical calculation and verification analysis. The results show that the designed structure can improve the performance of water jet propulsion devices, which is of great significance to the integrated development of such devices. (paper)

[en] Highlights: • The IMEP increased using an electric supercharger under low-speed engine conditions. • It is possible to increase the efficiency and IMEP with proper control of the engine. • The fuel efficiency is improved by up to 8.8% under low-speed engine conditions. • BSCO and BSTHC decreased with the operation of the electric supercharger. • BSPM and BSNOx are partially reduced compared to the base condition. The electric supercharger, which is an important device of the 48 V hybrid system, is known to increase the low-speed efficiency and torque of the internal combustion engine. However, there is a lack of research on exhaust emissions, which are becoming more stringent owing to the use of the electric supercharger. Therefore, this study conducted basic experiments and analysis on the power, fuel efficiency, and exhaust emissions according to the change of engine control parameters during operation of the electric supercharger. The maximum indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) increase was 52.9% at 1250 rpm. However, friction mean effective pressure (FMEP) and pumping mean effective pressure (PMEP), associated with a loss of engine efficiency, increased under various operating conditions. Brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) improved by up to 8.8%, and brake specific carbon dioxide (BSCO₂) decreased accordingly. Brake specific particulate matter (BSPM) and brake specific oxides of nitrogen (BSNOx) fluctuated significantly with the adjustment of the parameters for engine control. These were partially reduced compared to the conventional engines according to the experimental conditions. Therefore, even if an electric supercharger is applied to a diesel vehicle equipped with exhaust reduction devices, emission regulations can be satisfied.

[en] Highlights: • The unsteady superposition characteristics of two moving incident shockwaves for R718 vapor flows coupled with condensing are intensively studied, which have not been reported before. • Remarkable supercharging abilities (high boosting pressure ratio) and remarkable superheating ability are achieved from the two superpositing moving shockwaves, as could be fully used for vapor recompression in multi-effect distillation technology (MED) for brine water treatment. • The stagnated feature of the supercharged driven stream with ultra-high temperature between two refractive contact faces, makes a much longer time for PMT to detect when superposition-shock tube used for chemical reactions research. - Abstract: Although the positive values of the fundamental gas-dynamic derivative of R718 near vapor-liquid equilibrium line ensures no occurrence of the non-classical behavior like rarefaction shock waves, the occurrence of the homogenous condensations due to rarefaction waves must be taken into account when using the moving shocks and rarefaction waves in wave devices. In this article, the superposition behaviors such as shockwave refraction and reflection of two moving incident shocks for R718 vapor flows near this the vapor-liquid equilibrium zone, have been intensively studied. And the supercharging characteristic of two superposition moving incident shocks for R718 vapor flows achieves remarkable high boosting pressure ratios of about square of those of one primary equal-intensity shock. This inspiring result could be fully used for vapor recompression in multi-effect distillation technology (MED) for brine water treatment.

[en] Hydrogen is found to be a suitable alternative fuel for spark ignition engines with certain drawbacks, such as high NO_x emission and small power output. However, supercharging may solve such problems. In this study, the effects of equivalence ratio, compression ratio and inlet pressure on the performance and NO_x emission of a four stroke supercharged hydrogen engine have been analyzed using a specially developed computer program. The results are verified and compared with experimental data obtained from tests on a Ricardo E6/US engine. A chart specifying the safe operation zone of the hydrogen engine has been produced. The safe operation zone means no pre-ignition, acceptable NO_x emission, high engine efficiency and lower specific fuel consumption in comparison with the gasoline engine. The study also shows that supercharging is a more effective method to increase the output of a hydrogen engine rather than increasing the compression ratio of the engine at the knock limited equivalence ratio

[en] Highlights: • Formation of protein ions from native solutions in highest charge states to date. • Theta nanoelectrospray ionization supercharging is compatible with biological buffers. • Formation of highly charged proteins from native solutions is no longer a barrier to obtain high sequence coverage by tandem mass spectrometry. - Abstract: Theta nanoelectrospray ionization of protein ions formed from aqueous buffer solutions that are mixed with denaturing solutions containing cyclic alkylcarbonates (e.g., vinyl ethylene carbonate; VEC) results in a significant increase in the extent of ion charging compared to native mass spectrometry. For six proteins, the extent of ion charging can be significantly higher than that obtained using denaturing solutions and alternative native “supercharging” methods. In theta nanoelectrospray supercharging, the extent of charging scales with protein mass in agreement with an analytical scaling relationship for ions with elongated structures. Theta nanoelectrospray supercharging of non-covalent complexes from native solutions results in essentially the complete loss of protein-ligand and protein-protein interactions. Based on circular dichroism spectroscopy, VEC can effectively denature proteins in buffered solutions. These data provide evidence that enrichment of VEC in theta nanoelectrospray ionization generated droplets can denature proteins on the timescale of droplet desolvation and ion formation. This approach can be used to form highly charged protein ions from native solutions containing biological buffers, including some that are considered incompatible with native MS. Forming some protein ions in the highest reported charge states directly from native solutions is no longer a challenge in obtaining primary structural information using tandem mass spectrometry.