[en] This paper gives an idea about advantage of semitransparent photovoltaic system over opaque system. In an inclined system. Considering different parameters of the cell, room, duct and tedlar effect has been made to increase the overall efficiency of the total system. Thermal Model has been designed and mathematical analysis has been done. Electrical as well as thermal energy calculation has been compared with other system from different outputs of different places. If we compare a normal PV system definitely the hybrid PVT system has an edge over PV as in PVT system we consider thermal energy too. A soft computing technique has been developed to optimize the exergy of the system by varying the velocity and length of channel. For the proposed system, it has found that air at 4.5 m/s and channel length of 0. 2083 m gives maximum exergy. A total thermal energy gain of 54716kWh and electrical energy gain of 15838kwh is obtained. (paper)

[en] Examination thermally mechanical deformation of processes of amorphous-crystalline tedlar films in the one-axis stretching mode under action of equal load and temperature field during redistribution molecules at the expense of electron radiation is carried out. In the work the not-oriented samples with thickness 30 μm have been used. Irradiation of samples have been conducted at the electron accelerator ELU-6 at room temperature with energy 2 MeV and beam current 1000 μA with pulse duration 5 μs. Adsorbed doses were: 25, 50, 100, 250 kGy. Dependence of energy characteristic E from absorbed dose D of electron radiation is obtained. irradiation leads to radiation cross-linking processes, that conducts to decrease of energy characteristic value with increase of absorbed dose D

[en] In this study the chemical alteration of poly(vinyl fluoride) Tedlar[reg] by vacuum ultraviolet radiation (VUV) (115-400 nm) has been examined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The initial F/C atom ratio of 0.34 decreases to 0.17 after a 2-h exposure. The F/C atom ratio is further reduced to a steady-state value of approximately 0.04 after a 24-h exposure. Similarly, the O/C atom ratio is reduced from 0.08 to 0.05 and then to 0.02 during these two exposures. As the F and O are removed by VUV exposure, the C concentration increases from 70.5 to 82.0 and then to 94.6 at.% thus forming a graphitic or amorphous carbon-like layer which erodes more slowly than the virgin Tedlar surface. Exposure of the VUV-damaged surface to O₂ results in chemisorption of O, indicating that reactive sites are formed during the chemical erosion by VUV. Further exposure to VUV removes this chemisorbed oxygen but a subsequent exposure to air at atmospheric conditions causes a three-fold increase in O chemisorbed at the surface. Comparison of XPS data indicates that the mechanisms of chemical alteration by VUV radiation and hyperthermal (∼5 eV) atomic oxygen (AO) are similar

[en] Atmospheric transparency in the infrared, responsible for night cooling, is exploited to obtain a cooling effect. Radiative cooling to the night sky is based on the principle of infrared radiation heat loss from a surface to a body at a lower temperature. The use of the emissivity equation allowed us to evaluate its variation as a function of wavelength and temperature. A comparison of the temperature variation was made between granite and the materials most often used in the manufacture of radiant panels of hybrid systems. The results show that the temperature of Tedlar-based plates or plastics considerably decreases, and, therefore are rather promising. (paper)

[en] In this study the erosion of poly(vinyl fluoride) Tedlar by hyperthermal atomic oxygen (AO) has been examined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Initially the Tedlar film had F/C and O/C atom ratios of 0.45 and 0.11, which decrease to 0.018 and 0.04, respectively, after a 2-h exposure to a flux of 2 x 10¹⁵ atoms/cm² s AO with an average kinetic energy of 5 eV. This exposure essentially produced a graphitic or amorphous carbon-like layer with a carbon content greater than 90 at.%. Longer AO exposures do not alter the composition of this layer significantly. Exposure to O₂ or air nearly doubles the oxygen content in the near-surface region. This is due to dissociative oxygen adsorption at reactive sites formed at the polymer surface during AO exposure. Further exposure to AO removes this chemisorbed oxygen

[en] An effective technique is described to deal with volatile, short lived radioactive waste generated as a result of the routinely produced positron emission tomography (PET) radiopharmaceutical 2-deoxy-2-[¹⁸F]fluoro-D-glucose (FDG). All radioactive gases and aerosols created during the synthesis are collected and stored safely in commercially available TEDLAR gas sampling bags. Once these collected PET by-products decay, the TEDLAR gas bags can be easily emptied and reused. This improved technique is effective, safe, reliable and economical. - Highlights: → Volatile radioactive waste generally discharged during radiopharmaceutical production. → We use gas bags to safely store radioactive gases and aerosols. → Consequence is no radioactive discharge into atmosphere.

[en] Non-invasive monitoring of breath ammonia and trimethylamine using Selected-ion-flow-tube mass spectroscopy (SIFT-MS) could provide a real-time alternative to current invasive techniques. Breath ammonia and trimethylamine were monitored by SIFT-MS before, during and after haemodialysis in 20 patients. In 15 patients (41 sessions), breath was collected hourly into Tedlar bags and analysed immediately (group A). During multiple dialyses over 8 days, five patients breathed directly into the SIFT-MS analyser every 30 min (group B). Pre- and post-dialysis direct breath concentrations were compared with urea reduction, Kt/V and creatinine concentrations. Dialysis decreased breath ammonia, but a transient increase occurred mid treatment in some patients. Trimethylamine decreased more rapidly than reported previously. Pre-dialysis breath ammonia correlated with pre-dialysis urea in group B (r"2 = 0.71) and with change in urea (group A, r"2 = 0.24; group B, r"2 = 0.74). In group B, ammonia correlated with change in creatinine (r"2 = 0.35), weight (r"2 = 0.52) and Kt/V (r"2 = 0.30). The ammonia reduction ratio correlated with the urea reduction ratio (URR) (r"2 = 0.42) and Kt/V (r"2 = 0.38). Pre-dialysis trimethylamine correlated with Kt/V (r"2 = 0.21), and the trimethylamine reduction ratio with URR (r"2 = 0.49) and Kt/V (r"2 = 0.36). Real-time breath analysis revealed previously unmeasurable differences in clearance kinetics of ammonia and trimethylamine. Breath ammonia is potentially useful in assessment of dialysis efficacy

[en] Highlights: • VOCs and SVOCs were emitted into the air at five steam-CIPP installation sites. • PIDs did not accurately reflect styrene concentrations. • 1.0–2.2 wt% of volatile material was found for each newly installed CIPP. • Hazardous air pollutants, known and suspected carcinogens were emitted. • Contractor practices and resin composition influenced the chemicals emitted. -- Abstract: Cured-in-place-pipes (CIPP) are plastic liners chemically manufactured inside existing damaged sewer pipes. They are gaining popularity in North America, Africa, Asia, Europe, and Oceania. Volatile and semi-volatile organic compound (VOC/SVOC) emissions from storm sewer CIPP installations were investigated at a dedicated outdoor research site. Tedlar bag, sorbent tube, and photoionization detector (PID) air sampling was conducted for five steam-CIPP installations and was coupled with composite characterizations. New CIPPs contained up to 2.21 wt% volatile material and only 6–31% chemical mass extracted per CIPP was identified. Each 6.1 m [20 ft] liner contained an estimated 5–10 kg [11–22 lbs] of residual chemical. Extracted chemicals included hazardous air pollutants and suspected and known carcinogens that were not reported by others. These included monomers, monomer oxidation products, antioxidants, initiator degradation products, and a plasticizer. PID signals did not accurately represent styrene air concentration differing sometimes by 10s- to 1000s-fold. Multiple VOCs found in air samples likely affected PID responses. Styrene (>86.4 ppm_v) and methylene chloride (>1.56 ppm_v) air concentrations were likely greater onsite and phenol was also detected. Additional studies are needed to examine pollutant emissions so process monitoring can be improved, and environment impacts and associated human exposures can be minimized.

[en] Methane gas, which has one atom of carbon and four atoms of hydrogen, is a valuable energy resource, which can be used in the energy sector. The purpose of this research work is to identify methane synthesis from Automotive Paint Sludge (APS) using microwave assisted pyrolysis. APS is known as a hazardous waste since it contains various chemicals that categorized as heavy metals and toxic substances. A modified conventional kitchen microwave was used to pyrolise the APS. The microwave was set with the power level of 600 W and 50 minutes radiation time. Through the experiment, pyrogas was collected into tedlar bag and was analysed using Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID). Results from the GC-FID were shown that the retention time of 3.3583, 3.2733, and 3.2267 min are proved to be methane gas. The results obtained are resembled with the results from the literature. This indicates methane gas was presented in the pyrogas of pyrolysis of APS and there is a possibility of producing methane gas. The research study suggests that it is possible to synthesize methane gas from the APS via microwave assisted pyrolysis, and in the meantime reduce the volume of APS in the landfill. (paper)

[en] The aim of this paper is to model and optimize an air PV/T system. There are some parameters that affect on the efficiency of a PV/T solar system like thickness of the glass and Tedlar, temperature of the inlet flow, solar cell temperature and etc. All equations for PV cell and thermal collector have been derived. By genetic algorithms using, thermal efficiency and electrical efficiency of the system may be optimized. All the parameters that are used in genetic algorithms, are the parameters that could be changed, and the non-changeable parameters, like solar radiation cannot be used in the algorithm. By compare to other methods, we found that the GaAs are very efficient technique to estimate the design parameters of PV/T solar systems. (authors)