[en] The aim of the present study is to predict a ground surface temperature (GST) of Kagoshima Prefecture in Kyushu Island, Japan, by using LANDSAT-5/TM and NOAA-11/AVHRR digital data. Image processing procedure is employed to aid in evaluating GST, in which the thermal images of AVHRR bands 4 and 5 are analysed. Emphasis is placed on the prediction accuracy of the existing atmospheric correlation equations taking the atmospheric attenuation effect into account, which are proposed by Tamba et. al., Bates and Diaz, and Sakkaida and Kawamura. It is disclosed that (I) the factor of the zenith angle need to be taken into account when the accurate GST is evaluated by using the atmospheric correction equations, (ii) that of Sakaida and Kawamura has better accuracy, (iii) LANDSAT-5/TM data contains a very high resolution level of the land, the estimated land surface temperature is higher than the measured value, and (iv) improved accuracy of the surface temperature is achieved if LANDSAT-5/TM data are used together with NOAA-11/AVHRR. (author)

[en] A geothermal gradient is one of the most frequently used parameters in logging geophysics. However, the drilling process greatly disturbs the temperature of the formations around the wellbore. For this reason, in order to determine with the required accuracy the formation temperatures and geothermal gradients, a certain length of shut-in time is required. It was shown earlier (Kutasov 1968 Freiberger Forshungshefte C 238 55–61, 1987 Geothermics 16 467–72) that at least two transient temperature surveys are needed to determine the geothermal gradient with adequate accuracy. However, in many cases only one temperature log is conducted in a shut-in borehole. For these cases, we propose an approximate method for the estimation of the geothermal gradient. The utilization of this method is demonstrated on four field examples

[en] The performances of bio-based lubricants were influenced by the strength of its molecular interaction between the fatty acid chain and iron molecules on metal surfaces. In this study, the fatty acid compositions of refined, bleached and deodourised palm oil (RBDPO), double fractionated palm olein (SPL) and palm mid olein (PMO) were determined by using gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). Four-ball tribotester was used to evaluate the performance of the lubricants in terms of friction coefficient, wear scar diameter (WSD) and surface roughness (Ra). It was found that PMO with high saturated fatty acid content exhibited excellent tribological characteristics subjected to various temperatures and rotational speeds. However, there was no significant impact observed at extreme pressure (EP) conditions. The physical wear condition was also discussed and analysed. (author)

[en] Highlights: • a perovskite crystal array was prepared by one-step evaporation-induced self-assembly. • Multi-wavelength photoluminescence emission arises from component segregation in crystal. • Radom macrosegregation of perovskite crystal arrays provides opportunity for PUFs. • All-photonic cryptographic primitive was generated from PUFs based on the crystal array. • Such a high-throughput programming and authentication is of high-reliability and low-cost. Segregation is a phenomenon of inhomogeneous distribution of constituent elements during crystallization and could be found in alloy, polymers, colloid, etc. Some researchers have also found component segregation in perovskite crystals. Until now, the existing research reports are all about the halogen segregation of perovskite at the micro level, while the research about the component segregation of perovskite at the macro level is blank, leaving no relevant application developed. Therefore, we can broaden the PUFs-based application of perovskite crystals by employing the multi-wavelength emission property arising from component macrosegregation. We synthesized perovskite crystal arrays with macroscopic composition segregation in one step by surface-tension-confined evaporative self-assembly. The macrosegregation in perovskite crystals prepared with different halogen ratios and temperature was surveyed. The photoluminescence spectra of perovskite crystals were investigated. Perovskite crystals with composition segregation could generate physically unclonable cryptographic primitives, which were made by a simple and random process and difficult to replicate. According to the number of peaks in the spectrum, we converted the optical response into quaternary cryptographic keys, and demonstrated the randomness and stability of the system. This study excavated the application prospect of macroscopic component segregation perovskite in all-photonic cryptographic primitives.

[en] Monitoring the lightning resistance must be conducted annually in accordance to the Regulation of the Ministry of Manpower and Transmigration No. 2 Year 1989. A prisoner of channeling the lightning is vital equipment to protect equipment and buildings from lightning strikes. One of the existing equipment in BATAN mandatory detention monitored channeling lightning namely Serpong Nuclear Region Meteorological Station. Meteorological stations have equipment that must function for 24 hours to produce data on wind direction, wind speed, temperature, relative humidity, air pressure, rainfall and solar radiation in real time. High around 60 meter meteorological tower is potentially exposed to lightning, so the need to arrest lightning good dealer is < 5Ω. The method used in this monitoring method using 3; 5-10 in line methods, methods angle < 60° at 5-20 m, the method was 62 %. The results of the measurements of the three methods custody channeling lightning at the meteorological station area at around 3.41 Ω Serpong Nuclear which means good. Resistance lightning good dealer can be used to protect equipment and buildings from lightning strikes to support the safety of the installation. (author)

[en] Since the publication of Bedford's classic study in 1936, numerous researchers have collected data on people's thermal comfort in everyday conditions. The principal assemblages of such data are those of Humphreys (1975, 1978, 1981), de Dear et al (1997), de Dear (1998) de Dear and Brager (1998) and McCartney and Nicol (2001). In addition there exist numerous studies not included in any such assemblage. These data come from a variety of climates and countries, and from people in buildings that are heated or cooled mechanically, and from buildings operating without either heating or cooling. This paper compares some of the more recent findings with the patterns revealed by Humphreys' 1975-8 meta-analysis, and considers the mean comfort votes and the temperatures found to be comfortable, in relation to indoor temperature, to the climate and to the presence of heating or cooling. It is shown that people are often comfortable in a wider range of conditions than would be expected from ISO 7730 or the ASHRAE Standard. Among the data are samples from five cities in Pakistan. These data are considered against their international background and in relation to their regional climate. The data may be used to suggest indoor temperatures that are comfortable, yet can be provided with modest energy consumption. (author)

No abstract available

[en] This paper reports on an investigation of temperatures achieved through the school year in a range of schools in Peshawar and Gilgit. Strategies were investigated to improve thermal comfort in small government schools in Peshawar where design considerations are driven by the problems of summer overheating. More recent work measuring temperatures in schools in the Northern Areas, where cold winter conditions are foremost in design considerations, is also reviewed. (author)

[en] The article briefly presents results of studies of the Arctic region and discusses the rise in temperature in the seas that is approaching a level not seen in 300 years

[en] A periodic analysis for daily and monthly variations of ground temperature with depths is presented both under greenhouse and bare surface conditions of Delhi and for bare surface condition in other climates of India in order to design an efficient earth to air heat exchanger for greenhouse system. Calculations were carried out for a typical winter and summer day of Delhi in year 2000. Predicted values of ground temperature at 1 m depth were in fair agreement with experimental values under both conditions. Ground temperatures at various depths inside greenhouse were found to be on an average 7-9^oC and 3-6^oC higher than bare surface for daily and monthly variations respectively. (author)