[en] The filling of reactor spent fuel pools, the need for interim storage, the desire on the part of many nations to handle long-term storage of nuclear wastes, including uranium and plutonium from spent fuel, and the advent of international fuel cycle plans that promote international movement of spent fuel demand more comprehensive and thorough safeguards combined with upgraded physical protection of spent fuel. The bodies that regulate, license, and inspect spent fuel while stored in a reactor spent fuel pool, in interim storage, in transit, and at receipt at a reprocessing plant will need to develop these new safeguards and physical protection methods. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) needs better tools and approaches to safeguarding the spent fuel accumulating globally at nuclear power plants. The IAEA also needs to be better able to verify the isotopic composition of spent fuel arriving at a reprocessing plant. The international fuel cycle plans propose the transport of spent fuel across international boundaries. Hence, there needs to be improvements in safeguarding and especially physical protection and security of spent fuel as it moves across State borders and over the ocean from reactors to international fuel cycle centers. (authors)