[en] The nuclear structure of even-even and even-odd deformed nuclei is described with several important degrees of freedom: the rotation of the whole system, the fragmentation in a heavy and a very light cluster, like an α– or an "8Be–cluster, the quadrupole and octupole oscillations of the heavy cluster and the single-particle motion of the odd particle. The clusterization is treated within the dinuclear system model by use of the mass (or charge) asymmetry coordinate. The dinuclear system consists of two touching nuclei which exchange nucleons and/or clusters. This description is capable to explain a wide range of nuclear structure effects: positive and negative parity bands, parity splitting, super– and hyperdeformed bands and electromagnetic transition probabilities in and between the bands. Applications and comparison with experimental data are made for rare earth and actinide nuclei, e.g. "2"2"3","2"2"7Th and "2"2"5Ra.