[en] The Enterobacteriaceae content is a parameters used to detect fecal contamination. Though this parameter has not scientific basis, it must be respect being a law parameter. Low limit, take directly from sewage sludge legislation, are improbable to be respected. Nevertheless, a first study using 14 composts, showed that high biological stability, determined a drastic reduction of the Enterobacteriaceae content so that law could be respect

[en] Highlights: • Anaerobic digestion reduces odours impact because of degradation of organic matter. • Anaerobic digestion (AD) coupled with manure injection reduced odour emissions. • Specific Odour Emission Rate (SOER) well correlated with electronic nose fingerprint • Electronic nose can replace SOER in measuring odour impact. This work aimed to measure the odour impact of untreated cow and pig slurries and treated (digestate and liquid fraction of digestate) manures when they were used on soil at a field scale, while also testing different spreading methods, i.e. surface vs. injection. Five experiments were performed in 2012–2016 on different farms. Odours were quantitatively (specific odour emission rate – SOER) (OU_E m^{− 2} h^{− 1}) measured by using dynamic olfactometry and qualitatively, i.e. to obtain an “odour fingerprint”, by using an electronic nose (EN). Anaerobic digestion was effective in allowing the reduction of potential odour emission from digestates, so that when they were dosed on soil, odours emitted were much lower than those from soils on which untreated slurries were used. Slurries/digestate injection reduced much more odour emitted by soils so that SOER tended to become more similar to that of the control (untreated soil) although the odours were slightly greater. Odour fingerprint data indicated that there was a direct correlation between SOER and odour fingerprints. This was due to the ability of EN to detect ammonia, S-compounds and methane that were (the first two mainly), also, responsible for odours. Very good regression was found for Log SOER and EN by using a Partial Least Square (PLS) approach (R² = 0.73; R²_cv = 0.66; P < 0.01) for matrices used to fertilize soils in lab tests. Unfortunately, regression was not so good when odour data from field experiments on soil were used, so that EN cannot be proposed to replace olfactometry. EN fingerprints for control (Blank) and injected organic matrices were virtually identical, due to the creation of cavities in the soil during the injection that decreased the treated surface. Anaerobic digestion and subsequent digestate injection allowed us to reduce odour impact, avoiding annoyance to local inhabitants.

[en] In this study, the ability of the organic fraction of municipal solid wastes (OFMSW) to enhance heavy metal uptake of maize shoots compared with ethylenediamine disuccinic acid (EDDS) was tested on soil contaminated with heavy metals. Soils treated with OFMSW and EDDS significantly increased the concentration of heavy metals in maize shoots (increments of 302%, 66%, 184%, 169%, and 23% for Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn, and Pb with respect to the control and increments of 933%, 482%, 928%, 428%, and 5551% for soils treated with OFMSW and EDDS, respectively). In soil treated with OFMSW, metal uptake was favored because of the high presence of dissolved organic matter (DOM) (41.6x than soil control) that exhibited ligand properties because of the high presence of carboxylic acids. Because of the toxic effect of EDDS on maize plants, soil treated with OFMSW achieved the highest extraction of total heavy metals. - Organic fraction of MSW affects the bioavailability of heavy metals in soil.

[en] Renewable energy sources are becoming more and more important for energetic demand management across the world. The EU directive 2001/77/CE, indicated that the organic fraction of the municipal solid waste has a biogenic origin and so it can be assimilate to a biomass. Therefore the recovery of this fraction for energy production became important from both environmental (Kyoto Protocol) and economic point of view (green certificates). This paper propose a model to revamp MBT plants (two fluxes) to recover the organic fraction of MSW (OFMSW) that, at present, is converted into CO₂ and into low-quality compost which is finally disposed of in landfills. Here we propose that bio drying replaces bio stabilization allowing OFMSW to be used to produce energy