No abstract available

[en] The book describes how to preserve food from harmful insects by using radioisotopes. It focusses on the impact of ionized radiation on the different stages of insect growth and on its metabolism and immunity. It also discusses the relationship between radiation doses and insect reproduction. It explains the various methods to detect the irradiated foods

[en] The optical digitizer type PAC-4 is an optical analogue-to-digital converter with parallel read out. The optical digitizer is intended for digital measurements of angular rotation of its shaft. In this application the control shaft of the digitizer is coupled to a wheel, which moves on the carriage of the respective spectrometer axes, and indicates its angular position. For accurate determination of the selected neutron energies, it is important to measure the diffraction angles very accurately. (orig./A.B.)

[en] One of the major environmental problems confronting Pakistan is water pollution. Human health is being affected by water pollution. The major sources of pollution for surface and groundwater resources are municipal sewage and industrial wastewater. The indiscriminate discharges of untreated sewage and industrial effluents into the water bodies have affected not only the water quality but also human health. Groundwater is also being contaminated by the discharge of untreated sewage into land. Water pollution is responsible for water borne diseases such as hepatitis, dysentery, typhoid, cholera, paratyphoid fever etc. This paper presents a general overview of the wastewater pollution in Pakistan, an evaluation and a specific reference to Lahore city and the effects on human health. Finally, sustainable treatment methods have been proposed to mitigate the water pollution problem. The analysis of water bodies at wastewater discharge points shows depletion of Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and high levels of E. Coli. There is an evidence of groundwater pollution in many areas due to the discharge of wastewater on open land. To protect the water sources from contamination, appropriate treatment methods/treatment technologies have also been discussed in this paper. In the end conclusion and recommendations are given. (author)

[en] Gamma radiation was used to select higher antibiotic yield mutants of Bacillus subtilis AECL 69. The test organisms were Aspergillus niger RAGENI 70 and Staphylococcus aureus 6571 (16) N.C.T.C. Searches for fermentation, purification and characterization of antibiotics of parent strain and its mutants were carried out

[en] The systematic study of the transverse momentum distributions of the multicharged fragments shows that the presence of high p_t tail distorts the distributions of fragments and the fragmentation model describes the features of these distributions only for p_t ≤ 500 MeV/c. Values of nuclear Fermi momentum obtained in the present experiment are in agreement with that of electron scattering experiment and the excitation energy observed in the order of binding energy per nucleon. Analysis of diffraction dissociation (¹²C → 3⁴He) events shows that the percentage of such type of events is 2.0 of the total inelastic collisions and such type of reaction goes through an intermediate ⁸Be state. 4 figs., 14 refs. (author)

[en] Culture conditions have been developed to facilitate callus induction in chickpea seeds and various plant parts, such as apices, stem portions, leaves and roots. Callus was induced by keeping seeds, or any plant part, in B5 or Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium containing 5x10^-7M kinetin or benzyladenine (BA), 10^-5M naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 10^-6M 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Regeneration of plantlets was possible only till the second subculture. Shoots regenerated when the calli were transferred to medium containing BA (10^-6-10^-7M) alone. After growth, roots were induced by putting the shoots in a medium containing BA (5x10^-7M) and NAA (10^-5-10^-6M). A method was established to obtain plantlets from nodal or apical explants without callus formation. Shoots were developed by keeping explants in B5 or MS basal medium containing BA (10^-6M). After a ten-day period, the growing shoots were transferred for four days to a medium containing BA (5x10^-7M) and NAA (10^-6M) for root induction. Then they were transferred to basal medium lacking any hormones, where a root system developed. The root system was well developed within seven days and plantlets were transferred to soil in earthen or plastic pots. For anther cultures, buds at the tetrad stage were collected from field-grown crops. Best results were achieved when the buds were kept at 4 deg. C for 3-7 d. The buds were then centrifuged and sterilized with ethanol, the anthers being dissected and put into callus inducing media. The most suitable medium was B5 or MS basal salt containing BA (10^-6M) and 2,4-D(10^-5M), where compact calli of plant-green colour were produced. Roots were occasionally formed upon gradual removal of exogenous auxins

[en] Callussing and regeneration response were observed in some local and exotic chickpea genotypes. The brown seeded variety K850 was the best at then C44 and CM72 produced more callus masses, and were followed by black seeded variety C141. White seeded genotypes generally showed poor calussing response and among these tested, ILC195, a blight resistant variety, was the best. Calli derived from different explants belonging to various genotypes were studied for their regeneration response in many nutritional combinations. In same media, there were formation of globular structures which upon further subcultring produced callus masses only. Root formation was commonly noticed but no generation of whole plants from truly unorganized callus cells was observed. (author)

[en] The very weak interaction between excess electrons and non-polar liquid molecules will furnish the information concerning a wide range of the interaction of the electrons with added solutes. Such interaction extends from the strong attachment to form anions to the weak association resulting in the transfer of momentum. Such interaction is indicated by the drop in charge mobility and by the shift in optical absorption spectra from IR towards blue and sometimes into UV. Considerable change occurs due to the electron association with the strongly polar molecules which do not give anions, for example, when alcohol or water is added to aliphatic hydrocarbons. Conductivity-time traces indicate that the presence of alcohol results in immediate decrease in conductivity, that is, within the time of introduction of electrons by a pulse of ionizing radiation. The electrons in such media are in the quasi-free or extended state, in which they exist in pure hydrocarbons, but their mobility is decreased due to the scattering by the alcohol. Conductivity change was observed in H₂O-octane system when methanol was added. Methanol alone at low concentration has little effect, but when it was added to the octane saturated with water, it causes appreciable decrease in conductivity. (Yamashita, S.)

No abstract available