[en] KINS takes charge of a part of the affairs pertaining to nuclear safety regulation and has the authority of administrative legislation as an administrative agency dedicated to such safety regulation. Its safety regulation guidelines established on the basis of such authority directly have no external legal effect, but practically have legal effect for the following two reasons though they lack any direct external legal effect: Firstly, the safety regulation guidelines bind safety regulation workers of the KINS, requiring them to carry out duties pursuant to the guidelines. Coupled with the authentication of an administrative act (i.e. a dominant effect of such act), the safety regulation guidelines generate a practical effect upon the public, particularly nuclear licensees. Secondly, considering the Supreme Court ruling (Supreme Court adjudication on May 25, 1999; judgment no. 98 da 53134) to the effect that administrative rules, although lacking the nature of laws and regulations, present standards on specific and objective requirements and accordingly are deemed legal to the extent that they cannot be viewed as irrational and unreasonable rules, the safety regulation guidelines that put forward unified criteria for handling of government-entrusted affairs in connection with the provisions of nuclear safety regulation laws containing unclear concepts are acknowledged as lawful if they set forth specific and objective standards within the scope of such nuclear laws

[en] Atomic energy-related laws in Korea have a two pronged management system for radiological accidents. To be specific, the Atomic Energy Act is applicable to all radiological accidents, i.e. accidents pertaining to nuclear facilities and radioactive materials while the Act for Physical Protection and Radiological Emergency ('APPRE') applies to accidents related to nuclear materials and large-scale nuclear facilities. The Atomic Energy Act contains three provisions directly related with radiological accidents (Articles 89, 98 and 102). Article 89 provides for the obligations of nuclear licensees or consigned transporters to institute safety measures and file a report to the head of the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology ('MEST') in the event of any radiological accident during transport or packing of radioactive materials, etc. Article 98 stipulates obligations of nuclear licensees to implement safety procedures and submit a report to the Minister of Education, Science and Technology concerning radiation hazards arising in the event a radiological accident occurs in connection with nuclear projects, as well as the Minister's requests to implement necessary measures. Article 102 explicitly provides for obligations to file a report to the Minister in the event of theft, loss, fire or other accidents involving radioactive materials, etc. in the possession of nuclear licensees. The APPRE classifies radiological accidents according to location and scale of the accidents. Based on location, accidents are divided into accidents inside or outside nuclear facilities. Accidents inside nuclear facilities refer to accidents that occur at nuclear reactors, nuclear fuel cycling facilities, radioactive waste storage, treatment and disposal facilities, facilities using nuclear materials and facilities related to radioisotopes of not lower than 18.5PBq (Subparagraph 2, Article 2 of the APPRE) while accidents outside nuclear facilities mean accidents that take place on vehicles or vessels transporting radioactive materials or at other places where radioactive materials are detected, other than at nuclear facilities (Article 22 of the APPRE). Based on the scale of accidents, radiological accidents are categorized into radiological emergencies and radiological disasters. A 'radiological emergency' indicates a situation that requires an urgent response due to actual or threatened leakage of radioactive materials or radiation (Subparagraph 7, Article 2 of the APPRE). A 'radiological disaster' refers to a disaster that requires a national response because a radiological emergency has escalated into a situation that can claim people's lives and harm their property as well as the environment (Subparagraph 8, Article 2 of the APPRE). Most provisions in the APPRE concern accidents inside nuclear facilities and radiological disasters. Only Article 22 thereof provides for accidents outside nuclear facilities, expressly stipulating the obligation of the public to file a report to the Minister of Education, Science and Technology, etc

[en] Highlights: • A new formula quantifying the estimation error subject to uncertainties is derived. • Desirable data structures which could minimize estimation errors are identified. • A new data optimization framework for parameter estimation is developed. • The framework is applied to estimate battery electrochemical model parameters. • The new methodology shows significant improvement in accuracy over current practice. Data optimization, or optimal experiment design, is an effective way to improve and guarantee the accuracy of state and parameter estimation, as the quality of data has significant impact on the estimation accuracy. Such capability is especially critical for energy systems requiring high reliability. The common practice of data optimization is to design input excitation by maximizing the Fisher information, and hence minimizes the variance of the estimation error. However, such approach suffers from fundamental limitations, including negligence of estimation bias and system uncertainties in measurement, model, and parameter, which severely restrict the applicability and effectiveness of the method. This paper aims at establishing new criteria and a novel framework for data optimization and estimation error quantification to overcome the fundamental limitations. First, a generic formula is derived for quantifying the estimation error subject to sensor, model, and parameter uncertainties for the commonly used least-squares algorithm. Based on the formula, desirable data structures, which could minimize the errors caused by each uncertainty, are identified. These structures are then used as new criteria to formulate the novel data optimization framework. The proposed methodology is applied to the parameter estimation problem of a lithium-ion battery electrochemical model in simulation and experiments, showing up to two orders of magnitude improvement in estimation accuracy compared with the traditional Fisher-information-based approach and other baselines.