[en] The property of the spectrum of large-scale magnetic fields generated due to the breaking of the conformal invariance of the Maxwell theory through some mechanism in inflationary cosmology is studied. It is shown that the spectrum of the generated magnetic fields should not be perfectly scale-invariant but be slightly red so that the amplitude of large-scale magnetic fields can be stronger than ∼10^-12 G at the present time. This analysis is performed by assuming the absence of amplification due to the late-time action of some dynamo (or similar) mechanism

[en] The generation of the baryon asymmetry of the Universe from the hypermagnetic helicity, the physical interpretation of which is given in terms of hypermagnetic knots, is studied in inflationary cosmology, taking into account the breaking of the conformal invariance of hypercharge electromagnetic fields through both a coupling with the dilaton and with a pseudoscalar field. It is shown that, if the electroweak phase transition is strongly first order and the present amplitude of the generated magnetic fields on the horizon scale is sufficiently large, a baryon asymmetry with a sufficient magnitude to account for the observed baryon-to-entropy ratio can be generated

[en] We study cosmological solutions in low-energy effective heterotic string theory, which consists of the Einstein gravity with the Gauss-Bonnet term and a dilaton. We show that the field equations take the form of an autonomous system for flat internal and external spaces, and we derive all the fixed points in the system. We also examine the time evolution of the solutions and the question of whether the solutions can describe (transient) accelerated expansion of our four-dimensional space in the Einstein frame. (author)

[en] The generation of large-scale magnetic fields is studied in dilaton electromagnetism in noncommutative inflationary cosmology, taking into account the effects of the spacetime uncertainty principle motivated by string theory. We show that it is possible to generate large-scale magnetic fields with sufficient strength to account for the observed fields in galaxies and clusters of galaxies through only adiabatic compression without dynamo amplification mechanism in models of power-law inflation based on spacetime noncommutativity without introducing a huge hierarchy between the dilaton's potential and its coupling to the electromagnetic fields

[en] The generation of large-scale magnetic fields is studied in dilaton electromagnetism in inflationary cosmology, taking into account the dilaton's evolution throughout inflation and reheating until it is stabilized with possible entropy production. It is shown that large-scale magnetic fields with an observationally interesting strength at the present time could be generated if the conformal invariance of the Maxwell theory is broken through the coupling between the dilaton and electromagnetic fields in such a way that the resultant quantum fluctuations in the magnetic field have a nearly scale-invariant spectrum. If this condition is met, the amplitude of the generated magnetic field could be sufficiently large even in the case that a huge amount of entropy is produced with the dilution factor ∼10²⁴ as the dilaton decays

[en] We investigate thermodynamics of the apparent horizon in f(R) gravity in the Palatini formalism with non-equilibrium and equilibrium descriptions. We demonstrate that it is more transparent to understand the horizon entropy in the equilibrium framework than that in the non-equilibrium one. Furthermore, we show that the second law of thermodynamics can be explicitly verified in both phantom and non-phantom phases for the same temperature of the universe outside and inside the apparent horizon

[en] We explore thermodynamics of the apparent horizon in f(T) gravity with both equilibrium and non-equilibrium descriptions. We find the same dual equilibrium/non-equilibrium formulation for f(T) as for f(R) gravity. In particular, we show that the second law of thermodynamics can be satisfied for the universe with the same temperature outside and inside the apparent horizon

[en] We study the accelerated expansion phase of the universe by using the kinematic approach. In particular, the deceleration parameter q is parametrized in a model-independent way. Considering a generalized parametrization for q, we first obtain the jerk parameter j (a dimensionless third time derivative of the scale factor) and then confront it with cosmic observations. We use the latest observational dataset of the Hubble parameter H(z) consisting of 41 data points in the redshift range of 0.07 ≤ z ≤ 2.36, larger than the redshift range that covered by the Type Ia supernova. We also acquire the current values of the deceleration parameter q₀, jerk parameter j₀ and transition redshift z_t (at which the expansion of the universe switches from being decelerated to accelerated) with 1σ errors (68.3% confidence level). As a result, it is demonstrate that the universe is indeed undergoing an accelerated expansion phase following the decelerated one. This is consistent with the present observations. Moreover, we find the departure for the present model from the standard ΛCDM model according to the evolution of j. Furthermore, the evolution of the normalized Hubble parameter is shown for the present model and it is compared with the dataset of H(z). (orig.)

[en] The possibility of the realization of a curvaton scenario is studied in a theory in which two dilatons are introduced along with coupling to the scalar curvature. It is shown that when the two dilatons have an approximate O(2) symmetric coupling, a scalar field playing the role of the curvaton may exist in the framework of this theory without introducing any other scalar field for the curvaton. Thus the curvaton scenario can be realized, and in the simple version of the curvaton scenario, in which the curvaton potential is quadratic, the curvature perturbation with a sufficient amplitude and a nearly scale-invariant spectrum suggested by observations obtained from WMAP can be generated. (author)

[en] The f(R) theory is considered for static cylindrically symmetric and plane-symmetric spacetimes. In order to find solutions to the field equations of these models, the Noether symmetry method is used. First, we examine the GR case for cylindrically symmetrical space-time with the w = -1 dark energy state. Then, with the assumption of f(R) = $f_0$R${}^n$, cases with matter and non-matter are examined and general solutions are determined for both space-times. Thus, it is shown that inclusive new solutions are obtained, considering the Noether symmetric conditions. In addition, the GR limit for each cases are examined.