[en] For three decades, and after the entry of Spain into the EU, it has been developed a regulatory, stable but evolving, framework that has allowed to create the conditions and structures to have stringent safety conditions of products and manufacturing facilities, as well as all the activities necessary for their certification and control. This development has been possible, among others, by the work of impulse and coordination of the Ministry of industry, Energy and Tourism, and particularly of the quality and Industrial safety sub directorate. On the other hand it has been developed a quality infrastructure that has, at the State level, with a standardisation (AENOR) entity and an accreditation body (ENAC) with recognized prestige around the world. In this article, in the first part, a list the regulations which apply to products and manufacturing facilities is shown, as well as explain the role played by standards and accreditation system in industrial safety and the factor of competitiveness that this entails for our industrial sector, and, in the second part, the institutional role of the Ministry and, the aforementioned Sub directorate, is described. The aim of the article is to be a descriptive reference of the current regulatory framework as well as the role of the State in this process. (Author)

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[en] While oxidation of fatty acid declines or even ceases during ischemia, the recovery of myocardial fatty acid metabolism after transient ischemia has remained largely unexplored. Using C-11 palmitic acid as a tracer of myocardial fatty acid metabolism, we evaluated in open chest dogs the myocardial retention and subsequent tissue clearance of intracoronary injected C-11 palmitic acid at control and up to 3 hours after a 20 min occlusion of the LAD. In animals with permanent occlusion, the relative size and halftime of the early clearance curve component, representing oxidation of C-11 palmitic acid, differed markedly from control and did not change with ongoing ischemia. In animals with a 20 min coronary occlusion, the relative size of the early C-11 clearance phase was still significantly depressed at 20 and 90 min of reperfusion but had returned to control at 180 min. The tissue C-11 clearance halftimes remained significantly prolonged throughout the entire reperfusion period. Regional function in the reperfused segments monitored with ultrasonic crystals recovered only slowly and was still less than control after 3 hrs of reperfusion. These data indicate that myocardial fatty acid metabolism after transient ishemia recovers slowly. C-11 palmitic acid in conjunction with Positron-CT may thus be useful for studying regional fatty acid metabolism noninvasively following an ischemic injury and may be helpful in identifying reversible tissue injury

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No abstract available

[en] The results indicate that both, F-18 deoxyglucose and C-11 palmitic acid accurately trace different aspects of myocardial metabolism and their changes induced by altered substrate availability and by reduced oxygen supply. Through the pattern of tissue clearance of C-11 palmitic acid, the metabolic fate of Free fatty acids (FFA) can be assessed. Size and turnover rate of the early phase indicate the fraction of C-11 palmitic acid entering immediate oxidation and the rate of oxidation, yet the absence of such a phase does not indicate a metabolic abnormality but merely a shift in myocardial sustrate utilization from FFA to glucose or lactic acid. The normal variability is no longer present when oxygen supply is limited as for example in acute ischemia and this restriction in substrate utilization can be demonstrated with positron computed tomography (PCT). Not only is FFA uptake reduced in proportion to blood flow, but the fraction entering the oxidative pool and its turnover rate are depressed. The regional shift to glucose utilization in acute ischemia is also demonstrated noninvasively by FDG uptake in excess of blood flow and oxygen supply. These studies from the basis for evaluating alternate substrate utilization and tissue viability in myocardial disease

[en] Acute coronary ligation in dogs results in an area of myocardial dysfunction that exceeds the area of subsequent necrosis suggesting the existence of an ischemic ''borderzone'' of reversibly injured myocardium. The authors tested this hypothesis in 9 closed chest dogs with C-11 plamitate (CPA) and serial PCT imaging after an LAD occlusion. Using a blood flow (MBF) image obtained with iv N-13 ammonia prior to CPA, regions of interest were assigned on the serial CPA cross-sectional images to the center (IC) and border (IB) of the ischemic segment and to control myocardium (CO). CPA uptake was closely related to MBF (r=0.88) implicating flow as a major determinant of CPA uptake. Clearance helftimes (T 1/2) and relative sizes (RS) of the early rapid phase on the C-11 tissue time activity curves were determined for IC, IB and CO. In IC, MBF, RS and T 1/2 were markedly depressed indicating impaired CPA utilization and oxidation. In IB, MBF was less than in CO though only insignificantly, while RS and T 1/2 were highly abnormal. The authors conclude that FFA metabolism in areas adjacent to ischemic segments but without significant MBF decreases in abnormal, presenting evidence for a metabolic borderzone which now can be identified noninvasively with positron emission tomography

[en] Some of the different ways in which the principles of tracer kinetics are used with positron computed tomography (PCT) for analytical estimates of biochemical reaction rates and blood flow, are illustrated. This allows examination of nutrient delivery by local cerebral blood flow (LCBF) metabolic function by local cerebral metabolic rate for glucose (LCMRGlc), and degeneration, regeneration or reorganization structurally with protein synthesis. This combined with existing techniques for measuring local cerebral blood volume with C-11 CO, facilitated membrane transport with C-11 O-methylglucose, oxygen extraction and utilization with O-15 O², along with other techniques under development for amino acid metabolism and assay of receptors provide an increasing number of probes for examining biochemical basis of both normal and abnormal function of the human brain with tracer kinetic techniques and positron computed tomography

[en] Free fatty acids are the major energy source for cardiac muscle. Oxidation of fatty acid decreases or even ceases during ischemia. Its recovery after transient ischemia remains largely unexplored. Using intracoronary carbon-11 palmitic acid as a tracer of myocardial fatty acid metabolism in an open chest dog model, retention and clearance of tracer in myocardium were evaluated at control, during ischemia and after reperfusion following a 20 minute occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Myocardial C-11 time-activity curves were analyzed with biexponential curve-fitting routines yielding fractional distribution and clearance half-times of C-11 palmitic acid in myocardial tissue. In animals with permanent occlusion and intracoronary injection of C-11 palmitic acid distal to the occlusion site, the relative size and half-time of the early clearance curve component differed markedly from control values and did not change with ongoing ischemia. Conversely, in animals with only 20 minutes of coronary occlusion, the relative size of the early C-11 clearance phase was still significantly depressed at 20 and 90 minutes of reperfusion but returned to control level at 180 minutes. Tissue C-11 clearance half-times remained significantly prolonged throughout the reperfusion period. Regional function in reperfused myocardium monitored with ultrasonic crystals recovered slowly and was still less than control after 3 hours of reperfusion. The data indicate that after transient ischemia, myocardial fatty acid metabolism fails to recover immediately. Because the metabolic recovery occurs in parallel with recovery of regional function, C-11 palmitic acid in conjunction with positron tomography may be useful for studying regional fatty acid metabolism noninvasively after an ischemic injury, and may be helpful in identifying reversible tissue injury

[en] Highlights: • An improved version of a Compton telescope for hadron therapy is under development. • First characterization, coincidence and imaging tests have been carried out. • Results show a general improvement of the system performance. The IRIS group of IFIC-Valencia is developing a Compton telescope for treatment monitoring in hadron therapy. The system is composed of three detector layers, each of them consisting of a monolithic LaBr${}_3$ scintillator crystal coupled to Silicon Photomultiplier (SiPM) arrays. A first version of the prototype was developed within the European project ENVISION. Tests with point-like sources and in-beam were carried out with successful results, demonstrating the feasibility of the proposed technology. The limitations of the system were also identified. A new version of the prototype is under development with the aim of improving the performance of the telescope detector planes. To this end, the initial tests of a detector plane based on a new SiPM array have been carried out. The first characterization, coincidence and imaging tests with this new version of the detector plane are presented. In addition, the suitability of CeBr${}_3$ scintillator crystals for this application is being investigated.