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[en] Full text: The structures and magnetic properties of the vacancy double ordered perovskite structures of the form A₂BX₆ (A = Na, K, Rb, Cs; B = Pt, Os; X = Cl, Br, I) are studied (some of which have varying states of hydration). Na₂BCl₆, Na₂BBr₆, K₂BCl₆ and Na₂BBr₆ all undergo two structural phase transitions owing to the states of hydration and temperature; a behaviour that is consistent with iridium. Osmium proceeds through a different dihydrate structure than the iridium and platinum isostructural analogues, addressed in this study are the potential causes for this difference. Structure of the platinum complexes (inclusive of changes in hydration) state have been determined for the first time using in-situ variable temperature x-ray diffraction and magnetic properties determined using vibrating-sample magnetometer measurements with a range between 400 - 2K. Magnetic response at low temperatures for some materials indicate weakly magnetic ground states which are inconsistent with the expected J_eff = 0 ground state. (author)

[en] Highlights: • Accurate, computationally efficient results can be achieved using a hybrid mesh. • The results show a low stirring action in the root when the tool becomes worn. • The MAZ of the worn tool is shorter and 2.5 mm smaller than that of the unworn tool. - Abstract: The tool is a key component in the Friction Stir Welding (FSW) process, but the tool degrades and changes shape during use; however, only a limited number of experimental studies have been undertaken in order to understand the effect that worn tool geometry has on the material flow and resultant weld quality. In this study, a validated model of the FSW process is generated using the CFD software FLUENT, with this model then being used to assess the detail of the differences in the flow behaviour, mechanically affected zone (MAZ) size and strain rate distribution around the tool for both unworn and worn tool geometries. Comparisons are made at two different tool rotational speeds using a single weld traverse speed. The study shows that there are significant differences in the flow behaviour around and under the tool when the tool is worn. This modelling approach can therefore be used to improve understanding of the effective limits of tool life for welding, with a specific outcome of being able to predict and interpret the behaviour when using specific weld parameters and component geometry without the need for experimental trials.