[en] For a few years, with the aim of facilitating discussions about the energy and environmental transition, ADEME has been suggesting a scenario imagining the way the energy demand and energy mix from the major energy-consuming sectors (transport, building, agriculture, and industry) are going to follow by 2050. In the industrial sector, the two main factors of the energy demand are: the output levels and the energy efficiency level. Until now, the development prospects of the industrial energy efficiency are relatively well documented, but the production level projections for the French industry are more uncertain. That is why ADEME wanted to get equipped with a modelling tool for the industrial production levels through the demand for materials produced by the following 9 energy-consuming industries: steel, aluminum, clinker, glass, chlorine, ammonia, ethylene, papers and cardboard, and sugar. The aim is to take into account the market changes of these sectors, particularly focusing on the ones that are impacted by the energy transition. In this model, the 6 identified market categories are: (1) Mechanics, electricity, textile, miscellaneous, (2) Chemical products, (3) Packings, (4) Construction industry, (5) Energy production, (6) Transport. The methodological contribution of these works comprises two key elements, that were hardly ever jointly modelled until today: 1. Quantifying the production and consumption of 9 raw materials, as well as of consumer goods and capital goods (intermediate or end products) created from these materials. This quantification includes, among other elements, the import and export dimensions, as well as the recycling process. This quantification was made for the year 2014 from an analysis that cross-checked the main national or international data sources, and it is outlined in an 'input-output table' type matrix representation. 2. Modelling the production paths for the 9 materials studied, from this reference point and formulating assumptions related to the 6 markets. They concern the changing consumer demand, reuse and possible repair of some goods, technological improvements of material balance, incorporation rate of recycled material in manufacturing, but also trends in international trade. This synthesis summarizes the methodological principles selected. In order to make these works available to a wider audience, 2014 data are available in Excel format and a report details the data sources used. This report also contains some analysis on the critical factors needed for the development of the production of the different materials, whether from a technological point of view, in terms of market, or even relocation. At this point in our analysis, forward-looking considerations expressed in these documents aim at promoting exchanges between the different stakeholders and ADEME. They might not be the assumptions that will be retained later on as part of the new prospective scenarios proposed by ADEME, but they rely on orders of magnitude objectified and acknowledged through the cross-checking work of the data sources needed to establish reference data for 2014. Moreover, these works (including the related tools) are available to every entity willing to build its own modellings of the industrial production in regard to the issues at stake with the energy transition and the de-carbonation of the industry. ADEME remains attentive to any suggestion of change or improvement of these first elements, so that the stakeholders better understand what is at stake. Indeed, in view of the steady supply of data and studies related to these matters, some of these sources or references could not be integrated to the production schedules. Thus ADEME intends to continue to develop this tool by integrating new materials, but also by improving the modelling of the market developments in order to integrate concepts such as material replacements, or added-value approach instead of volume approach, in a more structural manner. This study was used to compare several bibliographic sources by combining 'bottom-up' data (for example, LCA of key products) and 'top-down' data (for example, production level on a sector). Some methodological choices were made in order to ensure overall consistency, thus avoiding to question institutional information sources too much. A homogeneous structure was used to handle the key parameters for each sector/market. However, the diversity of the collected data, as well as the complexity of each sector/market, put a brake on the analysis depth. We chose to record as much information as possible, which explains why certain chapters may look uneven

[en] This report aims at shedding a light on material consumptions associated with network transformations related to the development of smart grids and to the low-carbon transition, and on economic, environmental (beyond the only carbon print) and social stakes related to these materials. After a description of the present operation of the electric power grid, it presents disruptions due to the integration of renewable energies into the power system with a description of envisaged solutions on the short and medium term (smart grid technologies, network physical strengthening), and an identification of key materials. Then, it presents the different stationary storage solutions (batteries, hydrogen), identifies technologies to be analysed, and necessary materials. In a third part and for some materials used in the adopted technologies, it describes associated economic, environmental and social risks. It also explores European industrial opportunities, more particularly in the case of France when relevant. It finally presents recommendations regarding levers for the reduction of risks and for the exploitation of the previously defined industrial opportunities

[en] In France, the National Low-Carbon Strategy (SNBC) defines a path for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in order to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050. The effort to reduce emissions will be based mainly on mobility, which is the main greenhouse gas emitter in France, thanks to a low-carbon electric power mix. In 2050, the objective is to achieve carbon neutrality in the transport sector. This transition is based on changes in modes of transport and the deployment of new technologies that reduce CO₂ emissions over their life cycle. This report studies these technologies, their material impacts and the associated vulnerabilities and opportunities

[en] Within the framework of the action 5 of the roadmap for circular economy, this report addresses needs in mineral resources mobilised by chosen technologies, and aims at providing comparative elements between mature technologies or technologies which may become mature within ten years regarding needed mineral resources and associated stakes, and industrial opportunities for French companies over the whole chain value, for four technological families (thermal solar, heat pumps, biomass, geothermal). It presents types of electric machines, and wind energy operation principles, technologies and components, and sectors (onshore, floating and grounded offshore). It discusses the wind energy market, projections in terms of material needs, and the electric vehicle market and its associated projection in terms of needs in rare earths and copper. It analyses vulnerabilities all along the chain value of permanent magnets in the case of wind energy (overview of rare earths, environmental and social impacts of their exploitation). It proposes an overview of industrial opportunities for different fields: the rare earth chain and the recycling of permanent magnets, wind energy in France, electric motors. It finally formulates recommendations about the security of supply in permanent magnets and rare earths, the limitation of industrial risks and the exploitation of wind energy growth opportunities, and the improvement of knowledge for the rare earth industry and the anticipation of training needs

[en] Within the framework of a roadmap for circular economy, this report for the programming of mineral resources of low-carbon transition address four families of low-carbon technologies related to energy: photovoltaic, stationary storage and networks (including smart grids), low-carbon mobility, and wind energy. For each one, it aimed at identifying technological sectors which are mature or which could be mature within the ten years to come. It addresses needs in mobilised mineral resources and associated economic, geopolitical, environmental and social stakes, and also associated industrial opportunities for French companies along the whole value chain, from extraction to recycling. Thus, it addresses the value chains of the low-carbon transition, and their supply risks. Issues of public policies are discussed, and recommendations are formulated