[en] Here are exposed the basical conditions of a mathematical model for choosing an expedient figure of standard type and characteristic for unitary powers of nuclear power plant blocks. The optimal decision is based on the criterion for the minimum presented expenditure, connected with the development of the nuclear power engineering for the rated period. A conclusion is drawn that the model is effective for carrying on the technical politics in the field of enlarging the nuclear power plant unitar blocks

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[en] The main provisions of the model for optimizing the structure of nuclear heat sources with regard for the development of nuclear energetics are presented. The optimization of the structure of nuclear heat sources (NHS) in the model is carried out choosing one of the possible variants of the heat supply system for every town under consideration correspondingly to the global optimum of the nuclear energetics development. The effect of the external fuel cycle on the NHS structure is analyzed. The model developed permits to optimize the NHS structure according to the NPP types and equipment, to estimate the relative efficiency of different NHS types and of organization of chemical reprocessing of the spent fuel, to optimize the transition from one fuel type to another at the NPP, to investigate the effect of different factors on the optimum solution on the basis of the system approach with regard for the development dynamics and interaction between various types of nuclear energy sources. The calculations have been carried out with the help of the model using preliminary initial data. The results obtained have shown that the NHS structure is greatly affected by the cost and resources of natural uranium, as well as organization of chemical reprocessing of nuclear fuel, along with specific capital investments into plants of different types and local conditions

[en] The main aspects of the problem of storing the energy excess necessary to balance the loading schedule variations at power plants, are discussed. Heat accumulators of the following types: steam, steam and water, hot water - feed and heating -as well as the phase transformation accumulators are considered. The flowsheets of nuclear power plants with different types of heat accumulators are presented. On the basis of the analysis of the data obtained during preliminary investigations of the economic efficiency of various energy accumulation methods the conclusion is made that the heat accumulation as well as water and air accumulation is an economic method for compensating peak and even semi-peak loading. But, unlike water or air accumulation, it does not demand special geographic conditions. Heat accumulators can be placed directly at NPP or TPP sites. Heat accumulators at nuclear power plants for district heating can be used not only for obtaining the peak electric power, but for supplying hot water or steam directly to users

[en] Considered are different flowsheets of manoeuvrable NPP with heat storage devices (HSD) which permit to keep the stable operation mode of the reactor equipment during the operation of the NPP with variable electric loading. Standard reactor equipment and fuel elements used at present can be applied at these NPP. The principle of operation of the manoeuvrable NPP is that the plant decreases electric power by 15-25% during the period of the night gap of the electric loading schedule while the reactors operate with full loading, i. e. at nominal power. Excess of the NPP thermal power is used for HSD charge. In the period of morning and evening maxima the accumulated heat can be used for covering the peaks of electric and some times thermal loadings. Storage devices of feed and circulation water, steam-water storage devices and storage devices of phase transition using latent melting heat of accumulating substances, for example, salt eutectics and bimetallic compounds are considered as heat storage devices. It is concluded that flowsheets with feed water storage devices can be recommended for immediate introduction at the NPP as most simple, reliable and economical ones

[en] Design of a NPP with feedwater accumulators, ensuring manoeuvrable operation of the power unit with WWER-1000 type reactor and K-1000-60/3000 type turbine including the unit load decrease by 35-40% is described. 4-6 feedwater accumulators each of 7 tousand m³ capacity are included into the power unit. The pressure of supplied water is 3.2 MPa, the temperature is 230 deg C. During load decrease the water from cold condensation tanks is supplied through the system of charging heat exchanger to feedwater accumulators. Condensate is heated by reduced live and wet steam after the high pressure cylinder. As a result the volume of steam which passes through the turbine is reduced and the reactor heat capacity remains stable. When cold condensate tanks are drained, and accumulators are filled, the charging is quenched and power unit is transfered to the basic operation mode. At maximum load water from accumulatos is replaced by reduced live steam and using a special pump it is supplied to steam generator. This mode ensures steam turbine capacity forcing by 166 MW. Simultaneously electric power consumption for the unity needs decreases by 4 MW which results in total gain of capacity equal to 170 MW per one power unit. Technical-and economic comparison with altrnatie variants of NPP participation in the regulation of 24-hourly loading diagrams has shown high economic efficiency of feedwater accumulator application

[en] Ways of increasing economic efficiency of district-heating nuclear power plants (DHNPP) operating in isolated systems of power-supply and district-heating and incorporated in control over the schedule of power loading are analyzed. Prospective advantages of using systems of heat accumulation in DHNPP of the considered type is proved on the example of ''Sever-2'' DHNPP. It is concluded that heat accumulation under conditions of DHNPP autonomous operation would permit to generate additionally an essential quantity of electric power and would assure essential economic efficiency

[en] Operation efficiency of heat pumpinq systems (HPS) with hot water accumulators is investigated and comparative operational performances of different HPS vari;nts are determined depending on parameters of daily load swings. Dependences of the main operational performances of HPS with feed and saturated water on pummed medium parameters are derived. Optimum parameters of the pumped medium and HPS efficiency increase as the discharge duration decreases, charge duration increases and specific capital costs of the tank-accumulator decreases. HPS with saturated water accumulators used in a sharp peak mode (discharge time - charge time ratio being <= 3.5) are the most efficient ones