[en] Objective: To investigate the radiological characteristics of developmental venous anomalies (DVAs) of brain. Methods: The radiological document of two cases of DVAs which misdiagnosed by MRI, and diagnosed by digital substraction angiography were evaluated retrospectively. Results: In two patients, one was typical and another was atypical in digital subtraction cerebral angiography. Conclusion: Angiography is still the 'gold standard' for DVAs diagnosis. (authors)

[en] Objective: To research tumor cell apoptosis induced by Lp-THAE of rabbit VX2 liver implanted tumor. Methods: 27 New Zealand white rabbits implanted with VX2 tumor at left middle lobe of the liver divided into three groups: Group A(n= 9) Lp-THAE: treated through transhepatic artery catheterization; Group B(n=9) THAI and Group C(n=9) as control. The rabbits were executed at second to fifth day after treatment. HE dye microscopy was taken for counting the typical apoptosis cells and calculating apoptosis index (ApI). FITC-AnnexinV/PI assay was used for measuring apoptosis by flow cytometry. Results: The ApI of tumor central area and marginal area were (17.769±2.417)%, (4.129±1.172)%, P<0.01. The percentages of tumor cell apoptosis and tumor cell necrosis were (16.483±1.404)%, (9.478±0.964)%, P<0.01 and (43.559±5.053)%, (33.460±1.840)%, P=0.093. The total percentages of tumor cell apoptosis and necrosis were (60.042±13.979)%, (42.938±8.979)%, P< 0.01, at tumor center and marginal area in THAE group respectively. The ApI, percentages of tumor cell apoptosis and necrosis in THAE group were significantly higher than those of THAI group (P<0.01). The percentages of tumor cell apoptosis at tumor center area in THAE group were significantly higher than those of tumor marginal area(P<0.01). Conclusion: Induced tumor cell apoptosis and necrosis are two mechanisms of action for Lp-THAE treatment of liver carcinoma. (authors)

[en] The influence of three kinds of guanidinium salt on the removal rate selectivity of different materials was studied during the barrier chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) process at first. The three kinds of guanidine saltguanidine hydrochloride, guanidine nitrate and guanidine carbonate. Then we compared the effect of the three kinds of guanidine salt on the dishing, erosion and surface roughness value. In the end, the reaction mechanism was studied through electrochemical analysis. All the results indicate that there is a better performance of the slurry with guanidine hydrochloride than the slurries with the other two kinds of guanidine salt. It effectively improved the removal rate selectivity and the surface roughness under the premise of low abrasive concentration and low polishing pressure, which is good for the optimization of the alkaline slurry for the barrier CMP process. (semiconductor technology)

[en] Objective: To evaluate the X-ray radiation of patients during uterine artery embolization (UAE) for leiomyomas. Methods: Radiation dose was measured in 90 patients who underwent UAE for leiomyomas. Measurements were obtained by a dosimeters system (Diamentor K1 and Diamentor ED) equipped in DSA setting Angiostar-Plus (Siemens, Germany), dose-area product (DAP) and entrance surface dose (ESD) were recorded on line, effect dose (ED) was estimated by Monte-Carlo conversion coefficient from DAP. Results: the mean fluoroscopic time was 28.60 ± 23.73 minutes, and the mean number of angiographic exposures was 87 ± 38. The mean DAP dose was (6178 ± 3802) cGycm², and the mean ESD was 378 ± 245) mGy, ED was (9.89 ± 6.08) mSv. The contribution of pulsed fluoroscopy (PF) dose to the total DAP (34.05% ± 10.65%) was smaller than that of radiography (R) (65.94% ± 10.65%), and the contribution of PF for total ESD (61.09% ± 12.88%) was bigger than that of R(65.94% ± 10.65%). Conclusion: The leiomyoma patient suffered a large dose X-ray exposure from a UAE procedure. (authors)

[en] Objective: To evaluate patient radiation effects during uterine artery embolization (UAE) for hysteromyoma and the preventive methods. Methods: Radiation dose was measured in early 90 cases and 10 latest cases undergone UAE for hysteromyoma. Measurements were obtained by a dosimeter system (Diamentor KI and Diamentor ED) equipped with DSA setting Angiostar Plus (Siemens, Germany), dose-area product (DAP) and entrance surface dose (ESD) which were recorded on line. Results: The mean fluoroscopic time was (28.60±23.73) minutes, mean number of angiographic exposures was (87±38) frames, mean DAP dose was (6178±3802) cGycm2, and the mean ESD was (378±245) mGy, in early 90 cases and were (19.80±7.18) min,(83±13) frames, (1722±342) cGy·cm², (121±32) mGy, in the 10 latest cases respectively. The mean of fluoroscopic dose rate and radiographic dose rate in the latest cases were reduced to half and quarter in comparing with the early cases respectively. Conclusions: Shortening fluoroscopy time with reduction of radiation dose and number of angiographic frames are the main effective methods to lower down the patient radiation associated with UAE process for hysteromyoma. (authors)

[en] Objective: To explore the value of 3D fluoroscopic road map guiding technique in embolization of intracranial aneurysms. Methods: 61 patients underwent embolization treatment of solitary intracranial aneurysms from August 2010 to June 2012.The patients were randomly divided into a group (25) using conventional 2D and a group (36) using 3D fluoroscopic road map guiding techniques. The duration of the entire procedure and fluoroscopy, entrance surface dose (ESD), and degree of aneurysm embolization were recorded. The two techniques were subjectively scored by an experienced interventional neuroradiologist and compared. Results: The duration of the procedure and fluoroscopy time as well as the ESD were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced by 23%, 16% and 30%, respectively with the 3D fluoroscopic road map. The difference of aneurysm embolization was not significant (P = 0.99). The score of the 3D fluoroscopic road map was significantly higher than that of conventional 2D road map (P = 0). Conclusions: 3D fluoroscopic road map guiding technique is convenient and safe with high image quality and reduced procedure time and radiation exposure. (authors)

[en] Objective: To Analyze radiation exposure to patients in interventional radiology procedures and probe into the methods of reducing radiation. Methods: Dose measurement system (Diamentor K1) equipped with DSA machine (An- giostar-Plus, Seimens, Gemany), analyzed dose-aera-production (cGycm²) and entering dose (mGy) of 432 patient having received interventional vascular radiology for diagnosis and treatment regressively. Results: Dose value was (11 900 ± 10 652) cGycm² and (679 ± 589) mGy for overall, DAP and DE mean value in photography was 3.34, 1.56 times of fluoroscopy respectively. Conclusion: Longer time fluoroscopy and abundant photograph were primary controllable factors of high radiation dose using DSA for interventional radiology, there were more contribution of photograph than that of fluoroscopy in radiation dose. Beducing the fluoroscopy pulse frequency and decreasing the photo number can debase patients radiation exposure effectively. (authors)

[en] A case of congenital pelvic arteriovenous malformation in a 41-years-old male treated by successful transarterial embolization was reported. This patient suffered from adult polycystic kidney disease and unknown reason for gross hematuria for four years. His left kidney was resected one year ago for suspected left nephrorrhagia but the hematuria remained. MRI examination of pelvis demonstrated AVM involving extensively the pelvic soft tissue, bladder and seminal vesicles. Bilateral internal iliac arterial angiography by DSA showed congenital pelvic arteriovenous malformations (CPAVM), the fringy anisotrophy vascular plexus supplied by many feeding arteries and drained into bilateral dilated and tortuous internal iliac venous branches. Super-selective catheterization and embolization for eight supplying blood branches, such as bilateral internal pudendal arterial branches, right obturator arterial branches, fight inferior gluteal arterial branches, left superior vesical artery, left inferior vesical artery, spermatocyst artery and right lateral sacral artery etc, were carried out successfully with gelfoam sponge or PVA particulates in one time. His urine turned clear on the same day after arterial embolization, and no gross hematuria occurred during 6-months follow-up. The pelvic arterial angiography with embolization is extremely effective for the diagnostic and therapeutic measure of CPAVM. (authors)

[en] We propose the action mechanism of Cu chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) in an alkaline solution. Meanwhile, the effect of abrasive mass fraction on the copper removal rate and within wafer non-uniformity (WIWNU) have been researched. In addition, we have also investigated the synergistic effect between the applied pressure and the FA/O chelating agent on the copper removal rate and WIWNU in the CMP process. Based on the experimental results, we chose several concentrations of the FA/O chelating agent, which added in the slurry can obtain a relatively high removal rate and a low WIWNU after polishing, to investigate the planarization performance of the copper slurry under different applied pressure conditions. The results demonstrate that the copper removal rate can reach 6125 Å/min when the abrasive concentration is 3 wt.%. From the planarization experimental results, we can see that the residual step height is 562 Å after excessive copper of the wafer surface is eliminated. It denotes that a good polishing result is acquired when the FA/O chelating agent concentration and applied pressure are fixed at 3 vol% and 1 psi, respectively. All the results set forth here are very valuable for the research and development of alkaline slurry. (semiconductor technology)

[en] Objective: To investigate how to distinguish and to protect the arterial anastomosis between uterine and ovarian arteries (UA-OAa) during the procedure of embolization of uterine artery for hysteromyoma or solenoma. Methods: DSA findings in 1 056 patients with hysteromyoma or solenoma, who underwent uterine artery embolization (UAE), were retrospectively analyzed. A comparison of imaging findings between pre- and post-procedure was made. Results: Of 1 056 cases receiving UAE, 104 ovarian arteries were displayed in 68 during uterine artery angiography bef6re and/or after embolization, including 47 left ovarian arteries and 57 right ovarian arteries, in accordance with Razavi-I type utero-ovarian anastomosis. Uterine fibroid embolization was achieved while left (n=20) and right (n=27) UA-OAa remained unobstructed. No ovarian failure occurred after UAE in 68 cases during a follow-up of 1-2 years. Ultrasound examination showed that there was no statistically significant difference in shrinking ratio of the tumor between UA-OAa obstructed group (n=9) and UA-OAa unobstructed group (n=24). Conclusion: Limited uterine artery emholization is an effective technique for the treatment of hysteromyoma and solenoma as it can preserve UA-OAa. (authors)