[en] As a means of modernization management and a mark of enterprise modernization level, standardization becomes more and more important and useful. According to the practices and achievements on studying and implementing the standardization of AP1000 nuclear power construction for CPI, this article introduces and sums up the process and performance of the standardization work, for the purpose of sharing experience for the standardization of nuclear power group in the future. (authors)

[en] In recent years, nuclear power enterprises always pay much attention to how to improve the management ability and achieve the management goal smoothly. However, the building of management system should go first before the management ability to be improved. According to the practices of building the comprehensive management system for Jiangxin nuclear power project, this paper introduces the process of establishing the comprehensive management system briefly. The paper also sums up the important issues during the establishment of the system for the purpose of sharing experience and providing reference for the construction of such systems by follow-up nuclear power enterprises. (authors)

[en] Tianwan Nuclear Power Station (TNPS) carried out the pre-operation environmental monitoring around the nuclear power station in 2004, in order to check whether equipment, procedures, QC measures, the staff's technology level can meet all the needs of normal operating conditions, to accumulate and improve the pre-operation environmental background data, to find the latent problems by practice and feedback, and to give a better scheme and improvement measures. This article introduces environmental monitoring program, quality assurance, main monitoring results and comparisons of these results and background investigation results during 2000.4-2002.3. The monitoring results show that the environmental background remains basically at the same level of background investigation except the activity concentration of ¹³⁷Cs in the seawater samples. (authors)

No abstract available

[en] Full text: Thermoelectric materials can directly harvest emission-free electricity from heat or achieve solid state cooling without any vibrational part offering a promising solution for the energy shortage. So far, extensive investigations have been made to improve the thermoelectric efficiency, which governed by the dimensionless figure-of-merit ZT (ZT = S²σ T/κ), where σ is the electrical conductivity, S is the Seebeck coefficient, T is the absolute temperature, and κ is the total thermal conductivity which is the sum of the contributions from its electron (κ_e) and lattice (κ_L) components. For high thermoelectric performance, a high power factor (S²σ) and a low κ are required. However, it is always a challenge to optimize the individual parameters of σ, S, and κ for thermoelectric materials due to their interdependent and conflict. Up to now, besides using band engineering through tuning band convergence, quantum confinement, and effective mass to maximizing S²σ, most successful ZT enhancement has been achieved via structural and nanostructural engineering or hierarchical architecting to reduce κ. Here, Dr Chen developed inexpensive, abundant, and low-toxic thermoelectrics for high-efficiency energy conversion using novel industry-level approach, coupled with nanostructure and band engineering strategies. Through effective design of thermoelectric materials with engineered chemistry and unique structure, and advanced manufacturing, high-performance thermoelectrics has been realised in lab scale. Such innovative technology can be used for harvesting electricity from waste heat or body heat, which will pioneer the thermoelectric technology at the forefront of energy technologies and bring tremendous economic and environmental benefits to the community.(author)

[en] Graphical abstract: The electrochemical stability of nickel increases with temperature during anodic polarization in molten Li₂CO₃-Na₂CO₃-K₂CO₃, with a critical activation-passivation transition temperature at 575 °C. Display Omitted -- Highlights: •The anodic behaviour of nickel in molten carbonates was investigated. •An unusual temperature effect on the stability of nickel anode was revealed. •An activation-passivation transition temperature was found to exist at 575 °C. •A mechanism was proposed to describe the nickel anode temperature effect. -- Abstract: The stability of nickel anode in a eutectic molten Li₂CO₃-Na₂CO₃-K₂CO₃ electrolysis cell was systematically investigated over the temperature range of 450 °C to 750 °C. An unusual temperature effect was observed involving a critical activation-passivation transition temperature at 575 °C for the nickel in the melt; rapid dissolution of nickel was found to occur below 575 °C under anodic polarization, whereas its surface became passivated above this temperature, and the stability of the passivation film was further improved by increasing the temperature up to 750 °C. A blackish oxide film forms on nickel surfaces that retard the anodic dissolution of nickel. The composition and structure of the oxide film, as well as its formation mechanism, were studied by electrochemical measurements combined with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) characterization. Two temperature sensitive oxidation states of nickel (i.e., Ni(II) and Ni(III)) formed during the anodic polarization. Ni(III) tended to combine with Li₂CO₃ to form the more soluble LiNiO₂ during anodic polarization at lower temperature, and its content in the film decreased dramatically with increasing temperature. Thus, a stable and protective film consisting of NiO can form at temperatures above 575 °C.

[en] The nuclear accident emergency of NPP over two provinces and zone limit of nuclear accident emergency are suggested according to Chinese regulation at the initial of construction of inland NPP. (authors)

[en] Capacitively coupled plasmas (CCPs) generated using high frequency (3-30 MHz) and very high frequency (30-300 MHz) radio-frequency (rf) sources are used for many plasma processing applications including thin film etching and deposition. When chamber dimensions become commensurate with the effective rf wavelength in the plasma, electromagnetic wave effects impose a significant influence on plasma behavior. Because the effective rf wavelength in plasma depends upon both rf and plasma process conditions (e.g., rf power and gas pressure), a self-consistent model including both the rf power delivery system and the plasma discharge is highly desirable to capture a more complete physical picture of the plasma behavior. A three-dimensional model for self-consistently studying both electrodynamic and plasma dynamic behavior of large-area (Gen 10, >8 m²) CCP is described in this paper. This model includes Maxwell's equations and transport equations for charged and neutral species, which are coupled and solved in the time domain. The complete rf plasma discharge chamber including the rf power delivery subsystem, rf feed, electrodes, and the plasma domain is modeled as an integrated system. Based on this full-wave solution model, important limitations for processing uniformity imposed by electromagnetic wave propagation effects in a large-area CCP (3.05x2.85 m² electrode size) are studied. The behavior of H₂ plasmas in such a reactor is examined from 13.56 to 200 MHz. It is shown that various rectangular harmonics of electromagnetic fields can be excited in a large-area rectangular reactor as the rf or power is increased. The rectangular harmonics can create not only center-high plasma distribution but also high plasma density at the corners and along the edges of the reactor.

[en] A silver (Ag)-loaded biostructured carbon/cadmium sulfide (CdS) lamellar composite photocatalyst was synthesized using a hydrothermal and photodeposition method. Camellia petals functioned both as a biological layered template and as a source of carbon. The prepared composite photocatalyst demonstrated good absorption under visible light and exhibited excellent photocatalytic degradation performance. The photocatalytic degradation efficiency of the obtained composites substantially improved compared with pure CdS. The 5 wt.-% Ag-loaded C/CdS sample exhibited the highest photocatalytic activity, reaching 96.5 % after 180 min, which was 8.7 times that of pure CdS. Specifically, the biocarbon sheet enhanced the absorption of visible light. Furthermore, the high electrical conductivity of Ag can effectively transfer and separate photogenerated electrons and holes, thus enhancing both photocatalytic performance and stability. (© 2020 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH and Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

[en] A two-dimensional fluid plasma model for a transformer-coupled toroidal plasma source is described. Ferrites are used in this device to improve the electromagnetic coupling between the primary coils carrying radio frequency (rf) current and a secondary plasma loop. Appropriate components of the Maxwell equations are solved to determine the electromagnetic fields and electron power deposition in the model. The effect of gas flow on species transport is also considered. The model is applied to 1 Torr Ar/NH₃ plasma in this article. Rf electric field lines form a loop in the vacuum chamber and generate a plasma ring. Due to rapid dissociation of NH₃, NH_x⁺ ions are more prevalent near the gas inlet and Ar⁺ ions are the dominant ions farther downstream. NH₃ and its by-products rapidly dissociate into small fragments as the gas flows through the plasma. With increasing source power, NH₃ dissociates more readily and NH_x⁺ ions are more tightly confined near the gas inlet. Gas flow rate significantly influences the plasma characteristics. With increasing gas flow rate, NH₃ dissociation occurs farther from the gas inlet in regions with higher electron density. Consequently, more NH₄⁺ ions are produced and dissociation by-products have higher concentrations near the outlet.