[en] During the three year period of operation of Surry Nuclear Power Plant water temperatures in the immediate vicinity of the outfall were monitored closely to determine the thermal plume. The plume usually stayed close to the southern shoreline of the James River and excess surface temperatures covered less than 30 percent of the river in the survey area adjacent to the discharge point. Maximum excess temperatures of 12⁰F (6.7⁰C) were recorded in the immediate vicinity of the outfall in 1973 and 1974. In 1975, primarily due to a combination of mechanical problems at the station, maximum excess temperatures as high as 16.7⁰F (9.3⁰C) were measured in the immediate vicinity of the outfall. The highest surface temperature ever recorded near the outfall was 99.9⁰F (37.7⁰C) on August 21, 1975. All excess temperatures decreased rapidly as distance from the outfall increased, and temperatures outside a distance of 1000 yards (914 m) were rarely greater than 5⁰F (2.8⁰C) above ambient temperatures

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[en] Decades of offshore and inland petroleum drilling and production in the Gulf of Mexico and on the Gulf Coast have provided the much needed energy and chemical feedstocks to the nation, and also have made an impact on the environment in the area. Our study showed deposits of contaminated sediment on the ocean floor around offshore platforms, old reserve pits, and dump sites next to many surface facilities and compressor stations. The substances found on the ocean floor and in dump sites are simple or emulsified mixtures of silt, hydrocarbons, and water. The cleaning of the ocean floor and pits is an economic and technical challenge. Hydrocarbons are from crude oil and chemical additions fro various operational necessities, including additions of biocides, corrosion inhibitors, antifreezes, and coagulants. When the new government regulations lower the allowable maximum total organic carbon level to the 50 ppm range, these hydrocarbons can no longer be ignored by drilling and production operators

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[en] Data on physical parameters in the James River around the condenser cooling water discharge of the Surry Nuclear Power Plant, taken prior to and during plant operation, were analyzed to determine the physical effects of the thermal discharge on the area and to compare the prototype distribution of excess temperature to predictions based on hydraulic model experiments. The results of this investigation indicated that the increase in water temperatures due to the thermal discharge did not represent a significant alteration of the physical environment outside the mixing zone. The thermal discharge experienced turbulent mixing and entrainment near the outfall and temperatures decreased rapidly in this region

[en] Bi₂Ti₂O₇ thin films were prepared by a sol-gel method using bismuth nitrate and titanium butoxide as precursors. Smooth films were successfully prepared on p-Si (1 1 1) substrates. The surface morphology of Bi₂Ti₂O₇ thin films was studied by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Chemical wet etching of Bi₂Ti₂O₇ thin films on Si substrates was performed with a total of six different etching solutions. The results show that the best etchant is neutral ammonium fluoride, hydrofluoric acid and pure water in a molar ratio of 2:1.2:3. The quality of Bi₂Ti₂O₇ thin films and the etchant directly affect the etching of Bi₂Ti₂O₇ thin films. As a high-K thin film, Bi₂Ti₂O₇ can be widely used in storage capacitors, CMOS integrated devices and insulation gate field effect transistors

[en] A monitoring program has been designed and operated to measure environmental parameters for a waste heat study of the 1700 megawatt Surry Nuclear Power Plant located on the James River in Virginia. Monitoring techniques include a moving boat system, a stationary tower system, and aerial infra-red scanner images of the study area. Data acquired from this program are used in a waste heat study, indicating the state of the environment before and after the power station became operational. The pre-operational data indicate a consistent seasonal pattern of monthly averages of temperature and salinity over two years, 1971 and 1972, the 1972 averages being slightly lower as a result of unusual rainfall. Data from the first year of operation (1973) show significant temperature and salinity increases over both comparable pre-operational periods

[en] A theoretical analysis has been carried out to investigate the kinetics involved in the CVD growth of CuInS₂. A stagnant-layer model is assumed for the numerical simulation. Computational results for the growth rate as a function of the substrate temperature, mean gas velocity and partial pressures in the reaction tube are obtained. This analysis indicates that the substrate temperature plays a dominant role in the growth rate, which is consistent with our experimental data