[en] The development of renewable energies in the agricultural sector is now a shared ambition in order to achieve the objectives set by the Energy Transition Act. However, this development, including photovoltaics, cannot be done without taking into account the need to preserve agricultural land. In response to these challenges, the notion of 'agrivoltaics', which qualifies the coupling of a secondary photovoltaic production to a main agricultural production with a demonstrable operating synergy, has emerged within the French photovoltaic sector. In view of the growing interest linked to this new market sector for photovoltaics, this study aims to characterize photovoltaic projects on agricultural land and to define precisely this notion of agrivoltaics. lt was based on a bibliographic review, interviews with farmers and photovoltaic developers, and the involvement of a committee of experts specifically set up to monitor this work. This report is one of four documents produced as part of the study, along with a bibliographic review, a collection of feedback and an executive summary. lt offers a classification framework for photovoltaic projects on agricultural land, based on a selection of criteria and detailed points of attention. On this basis, a definition of agrivoltaism has been formalized. Finally, this guide offers recommendations for public authorities and project leaders for the deployment of these photovoltaic projects on agricultural land, but also for the enrichment of knowledge on this subject and the sharing of good practices

[en] The development of renewable energies in the agricultural sector is now a shared ambition in order to achieve the objectives set by the Energy Transition Act. However, this development, including photovoltaics, cannot be done without taking into account the need to preserve agricultural land. In response to these challenges, the notion of 'agrivoltaics' which qualifies the coupling of a secondary photovoltaic production to a main agricultural production with a demonstrable operating synergy, has emerged within the French photovoltaic sector. In view of the growing interest linked to this new market sector for photovoltaics, this study aims to characterize photovoltaic projects on agricultural land and to define precisely this notion of agrivoltaics. It was based on a bibliographic review, interviews with farmers and photovoltaic developers, and the involvement of a committee of experts specifically set up to monitor this work

[en] The development of renewable energies in the agricultural sector is now a shared ambition in order to achieve the objectives set by the Energy Transition Act. However, this development, including photovoltaics, cannot be done without taking into account the need to preserve agricultural land. In response to these challenges, the notion of 'agrivoltaics' which qualifies the coupling of a secondary photovoltaic production to a main agricultural production with a demonstrable operating synergy, has emerged within the French photovoltaic sector. In view of the growing interest linked to this new market sector for photovoltaics, this study aims to characterize photovoltaic projects on agricultural land and to define precisely this notion of agrivoltaics. It was based on a bibliographic review, interviews with farmers and photovoltaic developers, and the involvement of a committee of experts specifically set up to monitor this work. This state of the art, first stage of this work, has shown that there is a wide variety of photovoltaic installations on agricultural land, demonstrating different levels of development. In addition, the bibliography shows that these systems have overall neutral or negative effects on agricultural production, although these results vary greatly depending on the local pedoclimatic conditions, the species and varieties cultivated (whose sunshine and water requirements are variable) and the characteristics of the associated photovoltaic structures (coverage rate, orientation of the panels, height, etc.). This finding underscores the need for further knowledge on the subject. The regulatory state of the art also shows that few countries have a formal definition of agrivoltaics. Various stakeholders in Europe are also publishing good practice guidelines or definition proposals, as proposed in this study

[en] The development of renewable energies in the agricultural sector is now a shared ambition in order to achieve the objectives set by the Energy Transition Act. However, this development, including photovoltaics, cannot be done without taking into account the need to preserve agricultural land. In response to these challenges, the notion of 'agrivoltaics', which qualifies the coupling of a secondary photovoltaic production to a main agricultural production with a demonstrable operating synergy, has emerged within the French photovoltaic sector. In view of the growing interest linked to this new market sector for photovoltaics, this study aims to characterize photovoltaic projects on agricultural land and to define precisely this notion of agrivoltaics. It was based on a bibliographic review, interviews with farmers and photovoltaic developers, and the involvement of a committee of experts specifically set up to monitor this work. This summary of feedback is one of four documents produced as part of the study with an executive summary, a bibliographic state of the art and a classification guide for photovoltaic projects on agricultural land. The latter proposes criteria for evaluating projects, a classification gradient, a definition of agrivoltaics and recommendations for public authorities. The collection of feedbacks has shown that access to agricultural structures at lower cost and access to protection against weather hazards are assets often reported by farmers. On the other hand, the effects of shading on crops don't seem to be sufficiently understood and it seems necessary to deepen agronomic knowledge on the subject. The questions of the insertion of the structures in the functioning of the farms (technical itineraries, outlets... ) as well as the chosen business models (contracts, provisions for dismantling... ) are the salient points of these returns of experience

[en] In collaboration with representatives from public authorities, forest management and timber industries, as well as environmental associations, this guide addresses the challenges facing forests and the use of wood in the fight against climate change. It presents the forest carbon cycle (including its capture and storage) and the effects induced by the various uses of wood, such as storage in long-lasting products and the avoidance of fossil carbon emissions. It describes how these mechanisms interact, using the latest findings of research programs. This guide presents some levers for action and the tools available to integrate the challenges of combating climate change within the framework of the sustainable management of forests

[en] Carbon sequestration and the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, as strategies to limit climate change, are objectives of the highest global importance, deserving close study by every nation. Forests and the forestry and wood sector are recognized as strategic elements in the question of climate change mitigation due to their large capacity for carbon storage and their potential to limit GHG emissions. The overall carbon impact of the forestry sector includes both the effects of carbon storage in forest ecosystems and forestry products, and a substitution effect that can result from the use of wood in place of other materials or energy sources that are greater emitters of GHG. In this context, the French Ministry of Agriculture and Food requested INRA and IGN to conduct a study of the GHG emissions mitigation potential of the forestry-wood sector in France through the year 2050. The scope of the study included all forests available for wood production in mainland France, all wood-processing industries, and all social actors contributing to the development of the bio-economy via this primary production and processing supply chain. Using simulations of the effects of three contrasting forest management scenarios through the year 2050, the study confirms the central role of the French forestry and wood sector in climate change mitigation. In addition to carbon storage in forest biomass, significant benefits could be gained through increased use of wood as an energy source and - more importantly - as a material. The latter strategy, which could be encouraged through proactive forestry management and tree-planting programs, is likely to become more important as climatic conditions deteriorate and as forests become increasingly subject to severe weather events and associated threats such as forest fires and pest outbreaks

[en] This paper is a forecast that paints four coherent and contrasting paths to achieve carbon neutrality in France in 2050. They aim to articulate the technical and economic dimensions with reflections on the transformations of society that they imply or that they arouse. The following sectors are detailed: those relating to consumption (land use and planning, construction, mobility and food); those which constitute the productive system (agriculture, forest exploitation and industry), those which form the energy supply (gas, cold and heat, biomass, liquid fuels and hydrogen); those that constitute resources (biomass and waste) and carbon sinks. These sectors are also analyzed with regard to their impacts on water, soil, materials and air quality. This book is the result of more than two years of work carried out by the French organization ADEME, in interaction with external partners, in order to inform the decisions to be taken in the years to come. Because the goal is not to propose a political project nor 'the' right trajectory, but to bring together elements of technical, economic and environmental knowledge in order to make people aware of the implications of the societal and technical choices that will lead to the chosen paths

[en] The aim of this report is to demonstrate that the biogeochemical approach provides a uniting framework for managing the environment of our planet and in particular the environment of a planet reshaped by Man in the best possible way. This framework is based on the study of the biogeochemical cycles that characterize the biosphere (i.e. the place where life is present) and that are naturally linked to the Earth's overall geochemical cycles. The goal of this report is not to describe the biogeochemical cycles of all the chemical elements, but to show why and how these cycles have a significant role in the evolution of a planet shaped by man. In order to do so, the report is divided into two units and four parts: In the first unit, all the information that is directly linked to understanding geochemical cycles is brought together. It is divided in two parts. The first part concerns the description of the biogeochemical cycle of some of the elements that play a major role in the bio-geosphere. We have focused on: - carbon, because it is involved in all of the cycles, i.e. the atmospheric, ecological and geological cycles (chapter 1); - nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur because they are specific to the living world and because their role is likely to be primordial in the environment (chapter 2); - silicon, aluminum and iron because they allow us to make a bridge between the ecological and the geological systems (chapter 3); - finally, radionuclides (natural and artificial), due to their impact on the biological environment (chapter 4); The second part concerns the biogeochemical study of a number of representative environments of the natural and man-shaped planet. Regarding natural ecosystems, we have focused on: - forest ecosystems, which are highly characteristic of terrestrial environments and which are the site of often very efficient biogeochemical recycling (chapter 5.1); - oceanic environments. Although not part of our topic, the biogeochemistry of these environments is described very briefly to show that in this field everything at the surface of the planet is linked (chapter 5.2). In environments that are highly influenced by Man where the excess and overload of certain elements can lead to dysfunctions, we have focused on three types of environments: - the agricultural sector, where we looked at the practice of manuring using exogenous organic matter (EOM) which is found in areas of intensive breeding farms (chapter 6.1); - the industrial sector; we present a number of environments where certain elements are in excess, such as can happen in mining and metallurgy areas (chapter 6.2); - Finally, we looked at estuary environments because they are the collection point for numerous contaminants coming from the continents (chapter 6.3). The second unit proceeds from all we have learnt in the first, briefly that biogeochemical cycles are the consequence of complex systems that necessitate many scientific fields and numerous data. This consideration implies: a) further studies in certain scientific areas; b) a particular interest in data collection; c) the reliance on model building. Point a) constitutes the third part which stresses the development of all venues concerning the role of the soil as a living environment. Knowledge is still lacking in this area. Concerning this issue, two points are considered in particular: - research on micro-organisms that are crucial for transforming waste and other residues from living beings and their return to the mineral state (chapter 7); - research on soil organic matter, which plays a fundamental role because it is an intermediate between the mineral world and the living world (chapter 8). Points b) and c) are treated in the fourth part of the report which discusses model operations (chapter 9) and problems linked to a generalized collection of data (for instance, observatories, networks) (chapter 10)