[en] Neuroendocrine lung carcinomas may be classified as Kulchitzky cell carcinoma (KCC) I (classic carcinoids), II (atypical carcinoids), and III (small cell carcinomas). The authors reviewed the clinical, CT, and pathologic findings in 31 patients with KCC. KCC I occurred mainly in younger nonsmoking women, and on CT were small (1.8 cm average diameter) and showed lymphadenopathy in one of ten patients. KCC II were found mainly in older smoking men and were larger (3.9 cm, P < .001), and four of ten patients had lymphadenopathy. KCC III occurred in older smoking men and were large (4.2 cm), and 11 of 11 patients had lymphadenopathy. Sputum cytology and percutaneous and bronchoscopic biopsy were often nondiagnostic or misleading. The authors conclude that chest CT provides additional discriminating information in the preoperative diagnosis of KCC

[en] CT fluoroscopy provides pseudo real-time cross sectional imaging and has been used in our clinic for biopsies, drainage and pain control. In the fluoroscopic configuration the radiologist stands in the room adjacent to the table as in conventional angiography. Because of concerns regarding patient doses, measurements were made to estimate doses. Effective doses were calculated using the method of Huda and the data of NRPB. It was found that as far as the patient is concerned, two minutes of CT fluoroscopy gave a similar effective dose as a standard abdomen CT exam. As in other CT scanners, the scattered dose decreases rapidly away from the radiation plane and is 1 mGy per minute at 10 from the image plane. (author)

[en] This paper evaluates further the mechanisms responsible for the distribution of extravascular lung water (EVLW) in pulmonary edema. Fourteen isolated dog lobes were inflated with oxygen at transpulmonary pressures of 6 and 15 cm H₂O. Edema was induced by the infusion of normal saline solution into the lobar pulmonary artery. Two volumes of saline solution were used: 50% and 150% of initial wet lobar weight. 1.5-mm high-resolution CT scans were obtained at 10-mm intervals before and after each of the two stages of pulmonary edema. Visual assessment and CT densitometry were performed

[en] CT fluoroscopy provides pseudo real-time cross sectional imaging and has been used in our clinic for biopsies, drainage and pain control. In the fluoroscopic configuration the radiologist stands in the room adjacent to the table as in conventional angiography. Because of concerns regarding patient doses, measurements were made to estimate doses. Effective doses were calculated using the method of Huda and the data of NRPB. It was found that as far as the patient is concerned, two minutes of CT fluoroscopy gave a similar effective dose as a standard abdomen CT exam. As in other CT scanners, the scattered dose decreases rapidly away from the radiation plane and is 1 mGy per minute at 10 from the image plane. (author)

[en] Lesions of the glenoid labrum and ligamentous structures commonly occur secondary to shoulder trauma and are a frequent cause of shoulder joint instability. Numerous eponyms, acronyms and subclassifications are used to describe the often confusing array of bony and labro-ligamentous abnormalities of the shoulder. This aim of this review is to illustrate the relevant features of these lesions and to provide a systematic and practical approach to imaging of the shoulder using MR arthrography

[en] The imaging of tendon injury can be troublesome from a number of perspectives. First, tendon injuries are extremely common, accounting for 30%-50% of all sports injuries, and are, therefore, seen frequently at imaging centers. Second, tendons have a unique histology and ultra-structure with a number of normal variations that can mimic pathologic conditions, of which the radiologist should be aware. Finally, although full-thickness tears are easily diagnosed both clinically and with imaging, imaging findings for partial tears overlap those of tendinosis and those of normal tendons, and this can be very troublesome for radiologists, clinicians and patients alike. The objective of this article is to develop a practical approach to the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and analysis of tendons, both normal and pathologic, emphasizing the common features at different anatomic locations. (author)

[en] Three-dimensional models enhance physician-patient communication toward obtaining informed consent for potentially complex treatments or procedures. Traditionally, patient education is conducted by medical professionals with the aid of CT or MRI images. However, these images can be challenging for patients and family members to understand, a difficulty which can be alleviated with handheld 3D printed models

[en] Hockey is one of the fastest and most aggressive team sports, with great potential for injury. Groin injuries are common (5%-7% of all ice hockey injuries), can occur without contact, and account for a game loss of 25 player games per team per year in the National Hockey League (NHL) [1]. Injury data from the NHL revealed that 13-20 per 100 players per year sustained groin injuries [2]. These injuries are also seen in the amateur athlete, although they are often more severe in professional hockey players because of increased stresses and continued play despite injury. The groin is a complex anatomical region where 3 major body areas (abdomen, pelvis, and lower limbs) meet. Groin pain in athletes has multiple etiologies that are not often clinically apparent, some of which are classified under the term 'athletic pubalgia' [3]. Athletic pubalgia is a clinical syndrome that may take on numerous forms and variations but primarily includes refractory unilateral or bilateral groin pain exacerbated by activity [4]. Chronic groin pain in athletes may also be of hip joint etiology, particularly secondary to femoral-acetabular impingement seen in this age group. Without proper diagnosis and treatment, these injuries may become chronic and even career threatening. The ability of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to depict anatomy and soft-tissue characteristics has proven useful in the evaluation of patients with groin pain [5,6]. It can be helpful in detecting the location of injury as well as delineating among muscular, tendinous, periosteal bony, and chondral injuries. We describe the magnetic resonance (MR) features of some of the most common causes of groin pain in NHL players observed at our institution.institution. (author)

[en] The adult tarsal navicular is an integral part of the midfoot. Many unique pathological conditions affect its function, and while subtle in their presentation, they can be significant sources of pain and deformity. Recognition of these abnormalities in imaging is essential to obtaining prompt diagnoses and instigating early management interventions. In this pictorial essay, accessory ossicles, stress fractures, avascular necrosis, and tarsal coalitions involving the navicular will be discussed in terms of their characteristic imaging findings. Normal anatomy and biomechanical functional aspects of the navicular will be reviewed and multiple images from plain film, ultrasound, bone scan, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging will be presented. Improved familiarity with the adult tarsal navicular and its various abnormalities will enable radiologists to recognize its importance in the differential diagnosis of midfoot pathology. (author)

[en] To evaluate the use of anxiolytics in adult outpatient magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) centres and to determine whether utilisation is optimal based on the pharmacology of the drugs used, who prescribes these drugs, and how patients are managed after administration. Identical paper and Web-based surveys were used to anonymously collect data about radiologists' use of anxiolytic agents for adult outpatient MRI examinations. The survey questions were about the type of facility, percentage of studies that require sedation, the drug used and route of administration, who orders the drug, timing of administration, patient monitoring during and observation after the study, use of a dedicated nurse for monitoring, and use of standard sedation and discharge protocols. The χ2 analysis for statistical association among variables was used. Eighty-five of 263 surveys were returned (32% response rate). The radiologist ordered the medication (53%) in slightly more facilities than the referring physician (44%) or the nurse. Forty percent of patients received medication 15-30 minutes before MRI, which is too early for peak effect of oral or sublingual drugs. Lorazepam was most commonly used (64% first choice). Facilities with standard sedation protocols (56%) were more likely to use midazolam than those without standard sedation protocols (17% vs 10%), to have a nurse for monitoring (P = .032), to have standard discharge criteria (P = .001), and to provide written information regarding adverse effects (P = .002). Many outpatients in MRI centres may be scanned before the peak effect of anxiolytics prescribed. A standard sedation protocol in such centres is associated with a more appropriate drug choice, as well as optimized monitoring and postprocedure care. (author)