Fossoul, E.; Meyvaert, N.; Servais, F.
Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development, Winfrith (United Kingdom)1965
Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development, Winfrith (United Kingdom)1965
AbstractAbstract
[en] In graphite moderated heterogeneous systems, in which the fuel contains more or less important amounts of plutonium, the strong resonance of Pu-240 at 1.05 eV produces a significant flux dip, depending on fuel lumps size, on fuel temperature and on the graphite to plutonium ratio. An account is given of a method which allows the calculation of effective multigroup cross sections in a specified energy range. These permit the use of existing multigroup programmes using; a coarse group structure. The report explains en analytical general method for evaluating the fine structure in a group, for heterogeneous systems, based on Cadilhac's synthetic model for describing thermalization, and describes a numerical programme permitting the tabulation of effective cross sections as a function of various parameters for two regions systems, specifically adapted to DRAGON Reactor, when significant quantities of plutonium are present. (author)
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Source
Jun 1965; 78 p; Country of input: International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA); Document from Juelich Preservation Project; 19 refs., figs., tabs.
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Report
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ACTINIDE NUCLEI, ACTINIDES, ALPHA DECAY RADIOISOTOPES, CARBON, DEVELOPED COUNTRIES, ELEMENTS, ENERGY SOURCES, EUROPE, EVEN-EVEN NUCLEI, FUELS, GAS COOLED REACTORS, GERMAN FR ORGANIZATIONS, GRAPHITE MODERATED REACTORS, HEAVY NUCLEI, ISOTOPES, MATERIALS, METALS, MINERALS, NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS, NONMETALS, NUCLEI, PLUTONIUM ISOTOPES, RADIOISOTOPES, REACTOR MATERIALS, REACTORS, SPONTANEOUS FISSION RADIOISOTOPES, TRANSURANIUM ELEMENTS, WESTERN EUROPE, YEARS LIVING RADIOISOTOPES
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AbstractAbstract
No abstract available
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European nuclear conference; Paris, France; 21 Apr 1975; Published in summary form only.
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Journal Article
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Conference
Journal
Transactions of the American Nuclear Society; v. 20 p. 393-394
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AbstractAbstract
No abstract available
Original Title
Le nucleaire face au probleme de l'energie
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Journal Article
Journal
Journal des Ingenieurs; v. 23(3); p. 15-21
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Fossoul, E.; Haubert, P.; Hirschberg, D.; Morlet, E.
Plutonium as a Reactor Fuel. Proceedings of a Symposium on the Use of Plutonium as a Reactor Fuel1967
Plutonium as a Reactor Fuel. Proceedings of a Symposium on the Use of Plutonium as a Reactor Fuel1967
AbstractAbstract
[en] The introduction, at an increasing rate, of power reactors using slightly enriched uranium will inevitably lead to the production of considerable quantities of plutonium over the next decade. Fast reactors will not be capable of absorbing this material before 1980. The question thus arises of whether one should store the plutonium far future use in fast reactors, recycle it in existing thermal reactors, or try to sell it. The problem has been studied for an electric power generating system that does not foresee selling the plutonium produced by its reactors and does not buy plutonium outside, which enables a good approximation to be made and eliminates the major unknown quantity represented by the future market price of plutonium. Assuming within this system a programme that provides for the construction of power reactors of a given type and capacity at specific dates, the utilization of the plutonium produced can be optimized by linear programming techniques so as to minimize the discounted total cost of the power generated over a given period. A later stage consists in optimizing, by various techniques, not only the utilization but also the production of plutonium by appropriate selection of the power reactor types to be constructed. (author)
[fr]
L'implantation, a un rythme croissant, de centrales nucléaires à uranium légèrement enrichi entraînera la production inéluctable d'une quantité importante de plutonium au cours de la prochaine décennie. Les réacteurs à neutrons rapides ne seront capables d'absorber cette production qu'après 1980. La question se pose donc de savoir s'il est préférable de stocker le plutonium en vue de son utilisation ultérieure dans les réacteurs à neutrons rapides plutôt que de le recycler dans les réacteurs actuels à neutrons thermiques ou d'essayer de le vendre. Ce problème a été étudié dans le cadre d'un système de production d'énergie électrique qui ne prévoirait pas la vente du plutonium produit par ses réacteurs nucléaires ni son acquisition à l'extérieur, ce qui permet de faire une bonne approximation et d'éliminer la grande inconnue du prix de marché du plutonium dans les décennies à venir. Etant donné pour ce système une politique d'implantation de centrales nucléaires, c'est-à-dire un ensemble de décisions d'installer des centrales de type et de puissance donnés à des dates données, les techniques de programmation linéaire permettent d'optimiser l'utilisation du plutonium produit de façon à minimiser le coût total actualisé de la production cumulée d'énergie électrique pendant une période déterminée. Une étape ultérieure est l'optimisation, par des techniques différentes, non seulement de l'utilisation mais aussi de la production de plutonium, et cela en choisissant les types de réacteurs à installer dans les différentes centrales. (author)Original Title
Prospective d'Utilisation du Plutonium dans les Reacteurs
Primary Subject
Secondary Subject
Source
International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna (Austria); 876 p; Sep 1967; p. 767-776; Symposium on the Use of Plutonium as a Reactor Fuel; Brussels (Belgium); 13-17 Mar 1967; IAEA-SM--88/18; ISSN 0074-1884; ; 2 refs., 23 figs., 2 tabs.
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Dievoet, J. van; Fossoul, E.; Jonckheere, E.; Bemden, E. van den
International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna (Austria)1977
International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna (Austria)1977
AbstractAbstract
[en] Plutonium is being produced in increasing quantities in the so-called proven reactors, which are mostly of the light-water type. Evaluation of this production on a world scale shows that it would be theoretically possible to construct a large number of breeders and thus to make the best use of the intrinsic qualities of plutonium as a fissionable material, while considerably reducing the consumption of uranium. This source of plutonium is nevertheless dependent on an essential stage of the fuel cycle, namely reprocessing of irradiated fuel. The long delays in installing an adequate world reprocessing capacity are substantially weakening the prospects for the introduction of breeders. Furthermore, the critical situation as regards reprocessing may delay the development of complementary reprocessing methods for fuels with a high plutonium content and high burn-up. When it is recalled that fast reactors themselves may suffer some delay in their technological development, if only because of the intention to build power plants of very high unit capacity immediately, it must be concluded that another use will have to be considered for the plutonium available in future -use in thermal reactors, i.e. recycling. The recycling of plutonium is a well-known technique today and the objections which could be raised against it hardly stand up to analysis. Utilization of plutonium offers an appreciable saving in terms of uranium and separative work units, the consumption being of a low order of magnitude in comparison with the total amount of plutonium needed for the eventual fabrication of the first fast reactor cores. It can also be shown that immediate reprocessing of the recycling fuel is not essential for the economics of the concept. Temporary storage of recycled fuel has the advantage of concentrating plutonium in a particularly safe form, namely in irradiated plutonium-bearing fuel assemblies. Lastly, recycling offers such flexibility that it does not in practice represent an obstacle to fuel management at power plants with light-water reactors. Also for this reason, the option of recycling can be adopted only for a certain time, while awaiting a better use of plutonium in fast reactors, especially plutonium which has been once recycled in a thermal reactor and has depleted there. These strategic considerations imply that the technology of using plutonium for the fabrication of thermal or fast reactor fuels is both technically reliable and economically viable. Apart from the techno-economic aspects, the plutonium industry has to face extremely important problems in connection with safety - safety of personnel, safety of the environment and safeguards associated
[fr]
Le plutonium est par ailleurs produit en quantite croissante dans les reacteurs eprouves, qui sont en majorite du type a eau legere. Il serait theoriquement possible d'implanter un tres grand nombre de surregenerateurs et de tirer ainsi le meilleur parti des qualites intrinseques de la matiere fissile plutonium tout en reduisant fortement la consommation d'uranium. Cette source de plutonium est neanmoins tributaire d'un maillon essentiel du cycle combustible, en l'occurrence le retraitement du combustible irradie. Les retards importants dans l'installation d'une capacite mondiale adequate de retraitement reduit de facon sensible la penetration possible de la filiere des surregenerateurs. La situation critique en matiere de retraitement risque en outre de retarder la mise au point des prodedes complementaires de retraitement propres aux combustibles a haute teneur en plutonium et a taux eleve d'irradiation. Si l'on ajoute que la filiere rapide peut egalement subir certains retards dans son propre developpement technologique, ne serait-ce que parce qu'elle vise a realiser d'emblee des centrales de tres grande puissance unitaire, on est amene a considerer le recyclage. Le recyclage du plutonium est une technique bien connue et les objections que l'on pourrait avoir a son egard resistent mal a l'analyse. L consommation de plutonium permet de realiser un gain appreciable en uranium et en unite de separation, tout en restant d'un ordre de grandeur faible vis-a-vis de la disponibilite totale du plutonium necessaire a la fabrication ulterieure des premiers coeurs des reacteurs rapides. Le retraitement immediat de combustible de recyclage n'est pas indispensable a l'economie du schema. Le stockage temporaire de combustible recycle offre l'avantage de concentrer le plutonium sous une forme particulierement sure, en l'occurrence au sein d'assemblages plutoniferes irradies. La souplesse en matiere de recyclage est enfin telle que cette facon de faire ne penalise pratiquement pas la gestion du combustible des centrales a eau legere. Le recyclage est une option qui peut s'exercer pour un temps seulement dans l'attente d'une meilleure utilisation du plutonium dans les reacteurs rapides, surtout de celui qui a ete recycle une fois dans un reacteur thermique et s'y est degrade. Donc la technologie de la mise en oeuvre du plutonium pour la fabrication de combustibles thermique ou rapide est a la fois techniquement fiable et economique. L'industrie du plutonium doit faire face aux problemes extremement importants poses en matiere de securite du personnel, securite de l'environnement et ''garanties'' liees au gardiennage efficace de matieres speciales. La manutention du plutonium n'est qu'un segment du cycle de combustible dont les problemes propres en matie FrancaisOriginal Title
Utilisation du plutonium - situation actuelle et perspective
Primary Subject
Source
1977; 11 p; International conference on nuclear power and its fuel cycles; Salzburg, Austria; 2 - 13 May 1977; 2.A.1.P.1./03 2 tables, 1 fig.
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Dievoet, J. van; Fossoul, E.; Jonckheere, E.; Bemden, E. van den
Nuclear power and its fuel cycle1977
Nuclear power and its fuel cycle1977
AbstractAbstract
[en] The use of plutonium in thermal and fast reactors is a demonstrated, if not proven, technology. Moreover, plutonium is being produced in increasing quantities. Evaluation of this production on a world scale shows that it would be theoretically possible to construct numerous breeders and thus to make the best use of plutonium, while considerably reducing uranium consumption. This source of plutonium is nevertheless dependent on the reprocessing of irradiated fuel. Long delays in installing and adequate world reprocessing capacity are weakening the prospects for introducing breeders. Furthermore, the critical situation regarding reprocessing may delay the development of complementary reprocessing methods for fuels with a high plutonium content and high burnup. The recycling of plutonium is now a well-known technique and any objections to it hardly bear analysis. Utilization of plutonium offers an appreciable saving in terms of uranium and separative work units; and it can also be shown that immediate reprocessing of the recycling fuel is not essential for the economics of the concept. Temporary storage of recycled fuel is a particularly safe form of concentrating plutonium, namely in irradiated plutonium-bearing fuel assemblies. Finally, recycling offers such flexibility that it represents no obstacle to fuel management at power plants with light-water reactors. These strategic considerations imply that the technology of using plutonium for fabricating thermal or fast reactor fuels is both technically reliable and economically viable. The methods used in industrial facilities are fully reassuring in this respect. Although various unsolved problems exist, none seems likely to impede current developments, while the industrial experience gained has enabled the economics and reliability of the methods to be improved appreciably. Apart from the techno-economic aspects, the plutonium industry must face extremely important problems in connection with the safety of personnel, the environment, and safeguards associated with efficient protection of special materials. A particularly sensitive point is that in connection with transport. There is increasing interest in establishing integrated centres where the reprocessing plant producing plutonium is located alongside the fabrication plant recycling it, thus considerably reducing safeguards problems associated with plutonium transport. (author)
Primary Subject
Source
International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna (Austria); Proceedings series; v. 2 p. 3-18; ISBN 92-0-050177-X; ; 1977; v. 2 p. 3-18; IAEA; Vienna; International conference on nuclear power and its fuel cycle; Salzburg, Austria; 2 - 13 May 1977; IAEA-CN--36/477
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Book
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Conference
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Debrue, J.; Motte, F.; Delrue, R.; Fossoul, E.; Stiévenart M; Tavernier, G.
Pulsed Neutron Research. Vol. II. Proceedings of the Symposium on Pulsed Neutron Research1965
Pulsed Neutron Research. Vol. II. Proceedings of the Symposium on Pulsed Neutron Research1965
AbstractAbstract
[en] In the frame of the work performed on plutonium recycling in light water reactors, a good deal of effort is devoted to the determination of the PuO2-UO2-H2O lattice nuclear parameters. The scarcity and the cost of plutonium at high 240 content is such that one must rely on experimental methods involving small quantities of fuel, in other words subcritical assemblies. The pulsed neutrons technique has been chosen as a valuable, handy and fast tool for survey studies of plutoniumfuelled lattices. Such a survey aims at the measurement of several integral parameters such as infinite multiplication factor, material bucklings, temperature coefficients etc. for different kinds of fuel (U-enrichment, Pu content, Pu240 isotopic content etc.), lattices (rod diameter, water-to-fuel ratio poisoning, etc.) and temperatures. As a first step in the programme, a 5% enriched UO2 lattice has been studied by the proposed technique, and preliminary results pertaining to that particular experiment are given in the present paper. The experimental programme for the future will deal very soon with plutonium-fuelled lattices and a tentative schedule is given for the next years to come. (author)
[fr]
Dans le cadre des travaux effectués sur le réemploi du plutonium dans les réacteurs à eau légère, une grande activité est consacrée à la détermination des paramètres nucléaires des réseaux PuO2-UO2-H2O. Le combustible à forte teneur en 240Pu est si rare et si coûteux qu'il faut s'en tenir aux méthodes expérimentales qui ne font intervenir que de très petites quantités de combustible, en d'autres termes à des assemblages sous-critiques. La méthode des neutrons puisés a été choisie parce qu'elle est à la fois précieuse, pratique et rapide pour les études générales sur les résaux au plutonium. Une étude de ce genre vise à mesurer plusieurs paramètres intégraux, tels que le facteur de multiplication infini, les laplaciens matière, les coefficients de température, etc. pour différents combustibles (enrichissement en U, teneur en Pu, teneur isotopique en 240Pu, etc.), différents réseux (diamètre des barres, rapport eau/combustible, empoisonnement, etc. ) et différentes températures. Comme première opération dans le cadre du programme, les auteurs ont appliqué la méthode proposée à un réseau de UO2, enrichi 5%; le mémoire fournit les résultats préliminaires de cette expérience. Des expériences prochaines porteront sur des réseaux au plutonium; les auteurs esquissent le programme provisoire pour quelques années. (author)[es]
Como parte de los trabajos que se realizan sobre el reciclado del plutonio en reactores de agua ligera, se ha procurado determinar los parámetros nucleares de reticulados de PuO2-UO2-H2O. La escasez y el elevado costo del plutonio con alto contenido de 240Pu obligan a recurrir a métodos experimentales que exijan pequeñas cantidades de combustible, es decir, a métodos a base de conjuntos subctíticos. Los autores han elegido la técnica de los neutrones pulsados por considerarla valiosa, sencilla y de rápidos resultados para realizar estudios panorámicos de reticulados de Pu. Un estudio de esta fndole tiene por objeto medir diversos parámetros integrales tales como las constantes de multiplicación correspondientes a medios infinitos, los laplacianos materiales, los coeficientes de temperatura, etc., para distintos tipos de combustible (según el enriquecimiento del U, el contenido de Pu, el contenido de isótopo 240Pu, etc.), reticulados (según el diámetro de las barras, la razón agua/combustible, el envenenamiento, etc.) y temperaturas. En la primera etapa del programa se ha estudiado con dicha técnica un reticulado de UO2 enriquecido al 5% se dan los resultados preliminares del experimento. El programa previsto incluye la realización muy en breve de experimentos con reticulados de Pu, y los autores exponen el plan de trabajo establecido para los próximos alios. (author)[ru]
V ramkah rabot po povtornomu plutonievomu ciklu na vodjanyh reakto- rah bol'shie usilija prilagajutsja dlja opredelenija jadernyh parametrov reshetok PuO2-UO2-H2O. Nebol'shie kolichestva i stoimost' plutonija s bol'shim soderzhaniem plutonija-240 za- stavljajut polagat'sja na jeksperimental'nye metody, svjazannye s nebol'shimi kolichestvami topliva, drugimi slovami, imet' delo s podkriticheskimi sborkami. Metod impul'snyh nejtronov byl vybran kak cennoe, udobnoe i bystroe sredstvo pro- vedenija obzornogo izuchenija reshetok plutonievogo topliva. Takoj obzor imeet cel'ju izmerenie neskol'kih integral'nyh parametrov, takih kak K oo, laplasiany materiala, temperaturnye kojefficienty it.d. dlja razlichnyh vidov topli- va (obogashhenie uranom, soderzhanie plutonija, izotopnoe soderzhanie plutonija-240 it.d.) i temperatur. V kachestve pervogo shaga jetoj programmy s pomoshh'ju predlagaemogo metoda izuchalas' reshetka, obogashhennaja UO2 do 5%, i v nastojashhem doklade privodjatsja predvaritel'nye re- zul'taty, kasajushhiesja jetogo jeksperimenta. Budushhaja jeksperimental'naja programma budet svjazana s reshetkami plutonievogo topli- va, i privoditsja predvaritel'nyj plan raboty na neskol'ko let. (author)Original Title
Programme Commun Belgonucléaire-CEN pour l'Étude des Réseaux UO2-PuO2-H2O par la Méthode des Neutrons Pulsés; Sovmestnaya programma issledovatel'skogo yadernogo tsentra Belgonukleehr po obzornomu izucheniyu reshetok UO2-PuO2-H2O metodom impul'snykh nejtronov.; Programa Conjunto de la Belgonucleaire y el CEN para el Estudio Panoramico de Reticulados de UO2-PuO2-H2O Mediante la Tecnica de los Neutrones Pulsados
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Secondary Subject
Source
International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna (Austria); 934 p; Oct 1965; p. 181-191; Symposium on Pulsed Neutron Research; Karlsruhe (Germany); 10-14 May 1965; IAEA-SM--62/13; ISSN 0074-1884; ; CONTRACT 001-64-1-TRUB; 2 tabs., 4 figs.
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Conference
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ACTINIDE COMPOUNDS, ACTINIDE NUCLEI, ALPHA DECAY RADIOISOTOPES, BUCKLING, CHALCOGENIDES, DIMENSIONLESS NUMBERS, EVEN-EVEN NUCLEI, EXPERIMENTAL REACTORS, FUEL CYCLE, FUEL ELEMENTS, HEAVY NUCLEI, HYDROGEN COMPOUNDS, ISOTOPES, NUCLEI, OXIDES, OXYGEN COMPOUNDS, PLUTONIUM COMPOUNDS, PLUTONIUM ISOTOPES, RADIOISOTOPES, REACTIVITY COEFFICIENTS, REACTOR COMPONENTS, REACTORS, RESEARCH AND TEST REACTORS, SPONTANEOUS FISSION RADIOISOTOPES, TRANSURANIUM COMPOUNDS, URANIUM COMPOUNDS, URANIUM OXIDES, YEARS LIVING RADIOISOTOPES
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