[en] So-called 'strategic' materials are those whose supply is, or is likely to become, 'under pressure', either because global reserves are rapidly running out, or because demand is rising sharply as a result, for example, of policies implemented to combat climate change. After outlining the issues at stake in the first part, this book looks at the industrial challenges in various fields (ICT, automobiles, wind turbines, etc.), the problems associated with the energy transition, and finally the solutions that chemistry can provide: metallurgical chemistry, ceramics and refractories, biosourced polymer materials, etc. Specialists from various disciplines (mineralogists, polymer specialists, biologists, engineers) analyze this vital issue of our time. They provide students and researchers with an overview of the priorities for research into 'strategic materials'. Content: Part 1 - Raw materials and strategic materials: France's strategy for securing supplies of strategic raw materials; How to define the scope of strategic materials?; Which materials for energy and digital transitions?; Part 2 - Industrial challenges: Importance of metals and materials for the Information and communications technology (ICT) sector; Critical materials and strategic directions for the automotive industry; Materials challenges for wind turbine manufacturing and recycling; Sensitive strategic polymers for industry: bioresources, recycling, what strategies? Part 3 - Resources and materials for the energy transition: Energy transition: accelerating our dependence on strategic metals; Risks and opportunities for current and future nuclear power in terms of strategic mineral resources; Strategic materials cycle, from eco-design to recycling applied to new energy technologies; Part 4 - Shortage of materials, Chemical solutions: Metallurgical chemistry and rare metals; Ceramics and refractories essential to primary industry; The challenge of bio-based polymer materials

[en] This set of articles is based on the contributions to a congress-exhibition held in Lille in 2021, and addresses how production organisation and markets of raw materials have been overturned by the long Covid-19 pandemic. Whereas France and Europe are depending on imports of raw materials, a first article discusses issues raised by this crisis regarding how to manage resources and how to consider a re-appropriation of this production after identification of critical substances, of ways to find them on the territory (use of predictive cartography, example of tungsten), and of habits to be changed (re-appropriation of value chains). A second article discusses the meaning (cyclical or structural) of the crisis for extractive industries within a context of increasing demand, of evolution of consumer requirements, and of necessity to control the environmental footprint, to ensure resource traceability, to develop standardization and to adapt the French mining code. The third article comments how Orano took advantage of the diversity of its activities to appear as a responsible mining actor with respect to countries where its activities are located, to its collaborators, partners and providers. The fourth article discusses the consequences of a transition towards a decarbonized energy production in terms of metal demands (for examples, electrical mobility and increasing demand in batteries, development of renewable energies as big metal consumers): development of new mining projects, challenge of a responsible procurement, and funding needs for all project stages. The last article outlines the importance of the management of strategic procurements for the industrial policy, and focuses on France where this policy is based on guidance documents, on a support to primary and secondary industrial productions of strategic materials, and on a strengthened survey on substances and supply chains. The issue of mineral resource procurements is notably addressed (indication of important French industrial actors for different raw materials, evocation of present and future technologies, and of the necessity to better identify industrial needs)

[en] After an opening speech on the issue of energy transition and mineral resources, the contributions of this seminar first addressed French initiatives and policies, and the concerned sectors: scenarios of energy transition in France and associated scenarios (deployment of renewable energies, of electric mobility, and so on), overview of the different industrial sectors concerned by energy transition and economic and technological stakes associated with mineral resources for these sectors, French policies and initiatives regarding mineral resources. The second part addressed needs and stakes: current knowledge about needs in mineral resources associated with energy transition, overview of stakes associated with the offer in raw materials, focus on economic and energetic stakes associated with metals.

[en] After a recall of the context created by the French roadmap for circular economy, and by the mineral resource programming plan, this report addresses photovoltaic technologies which may be mobilised during the ten years to come for the French energy transition. The different chapters address the numerous components with more or less specific properties (from photoelectric effect to PV power plants), the expected development of photovoltaic energy (indispensable to energy transition, with important consequences on the demand in mineral resources), the analysis of the PV sector (choices of technologies, identification of associated key materials), the evolution of stakes related to PV resources under the influence of crystalline technologies and their evolutions, and the role of French and European actors on the photovoltaic market. It also states recommendations to better manage supplies, to develop and to diffuse solutions to reduce material needs of the photovoltaic sector and associated environmental impacts, to guarantee the deployment (on the French soil) of high environmental performance and low carbon PV technologies consistent with climate objectives, to favour the industrial development in France and Europe of a high environmental performance and low carbon PV sector

[en] This report aims at shedding a light on material consumptions associated with network transformations related to the development of smart grids and to the low-carbon transition, and on economic, environmental (beyond the only carbon print) and social stakes related to these materials. After a description of the present operation of the electric power grid, it presents disruptions due to the integration of renewable energies into the power system with a description of envisaged solutions on the short and medium term (smart grid technologies, network physical strengthening), and an identification of key materials. Then, it presents the different stationary storage solutions (batteries, hydrogen), identifies technologies to be analysed, and necessary materials. In a third part and for some materials used in the adopted technologies, it describes associated economic, environmental and social risks. It also explores European industrial opportunities, more particularly in the case of France when relevant. It finally presents recommendations regarding levers for the reduction of risks and for the exploitation of the previously defined industrial opportunities

[en] In France, the National Low-Carbon Strategy (SNBC) defines a path for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in order to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050. The effort to reduce emissions will be based mainly on mobility, which is the main greenhouse gas emitter in France, thanks to a low-carbon electric power mix. In 2050, the objective is to achieve carbon neutrality in the transport sector. This transition is based on changes in modes of transport and the deployment of new technologies that reduce CO₂ emissions over their life cycle. This report studies these technologies, their material impacts and the associated vulnerabilities and opportunities

[en] Within the framework of the action 5 of the roadmap for circular economy, this report addresses needs in mineral resources mobilised by chosen technologies, and aims at providing comparative elements between mature technologies or technologies which may become mature within ten years regarding needed mineral resources and associated stakes, and industrial opportunities for French companies over the whole chain value, for four technological families (thermal solar, heat pumps, biomass, geothermal). It presents types of electric machines, and wind energy operation principles, technologies and components, and sectors (onshore, floating and grounded offshore). It discusses the wind energy market, projections in terms of material needs, and the electric vehicle market and its associated projection in terms of needs in rare earths and copper. It analyses vulnerabilities all along the chain value of permanent magnets in the case of wind energy (overview of rare earths, environmental and social impacts of their exploitation). It proposes an overview of industrial opportunities for different fields: the rare earth chain and the recycling of permanent magnets, wind energy in France, electric motors. It finally formulates recommendations about the security of supply in permanent magnets and rare earths, the limitation of industrial risks and the exploitation of wind energy growth opportunities, and the improvement of knowledge for the rare earth industry and the anticipation of training needs

[en] Within the framework of a roadmap for circular economy, this report for the programming of mineral resources of low-carbon transition address four families of low-carbon technologies related to energy: photovoltaic, stationary storage and networks (including smart grids), low-carbon mobility, and wind energy. For each one, it aimed at identifying technological sectors which are mature or which could be mature within the ten years to come. It addresses needs in mobilised mineral resources and associated economic, geopolitical, environmental and social stakes, and also associated industrial opportunities for French companies along the whole value chain, from extraction to recycling. Thus, it addresses the value chains of the low-carbon transition, and their supply risks. Issues of public policies are discussed, and recommendations are formulated