[en] Highlights: • High lipid content in microalgae increases energy conversion efficiency. • Indirect pathway has the highest mass ratio, energy ratio and energy efficiency. • The Isochrysis indirect pathway produces most kerosene component precursor. • The Isochrysis indirect pyrolysis pathway shows the best performance in LCA. - Abstract: Although the research of microalgae pyrolysis has been conducted for many years, there is a lack of investigations on energy efficiency and life cycle assessment. In this study, we investigated the biocrude yield and energy efficiency of direct pyrolysis, microalgae residue pyrolysis after lipid extraction (indirect pyrolysis), and different microalgae co-pyrolysis. This research also investigated the life cycle assessment of the three different pyrolysis pathways. A system boundary of Well-to-Wake (WTWa) was defined and included sub-process models, such as feedstock production, fuel production and pump-to-wheels (PTW) stages. The pathway of Isochrysis indirect pyrolysis shows the best performance in the mass ratio and energy ratio, produces the most kerosene component precursor, has the lowest WTWa total energy input, fossil fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, and resultes in the best energy efficiency. All the evidence indicates that Isochrysis R2 pathway is a potential and optimal pyrolysis pathway to liquid biofuels. The mass ratio of pyrolysis biocrude is shown to be the decisive factor for different microalgae species. The sensitivity analysis results also indicates that the life cycle indicators are particularly sensitive to the mass ratio of pyrolysis biocrude for microalgae-based hydrotreated pyrolysis aviation fuel.

[en] Entanglement of formation for a class of higher-dimensional quantum mixed states is studied in terms of a generalized formula of concurrence for N-dimensional quantum systems. As applications, the entanglement of formation for a class of 16x16 density matrices are calculated

[en] Highlights: • Pretreatment decreased activation energy of microalgae pyrolysis process. • Acid treatment decreased initial decomposition temperature and increased intensity. • Acid treatment improved biocrude quality (N reduction and increase of esters and ethers). • Improved esterification reaction between carbohydrate derivative and lipid at acid condition. • Assessment of the pretreatment effect based on the energy conversion efficiency and LCA. - Abstract: Effects of three different cell pretreatment methods on microalgae Isochrysis sp. pyrolysis kinetics, biocrude yields and quality, energy conversion efficiency and life cycle assessment (LCA) were investigated. From derived thermogrametry (DTG) curves, the decomposition reaction was apparently enhanced for acid pretreatment sample at 200 °C. The activation energy of pretreated microalgae pyrolysis was lower than that without pretreatment. The biocrude yields for raw microalgae were higher than pretreated samples at 450–475 °C and lower at 400–425 °C. Carbon distributions of biocrude from microalgae pyrolysis with ultrasonication and microwave pretreatment were similar and mainly in C6-10, C16, C18, and C20, while carbon distribution of biocrude from acid pretreatment mainly located in C7, C16, C18, and C20. Acid heating pretreatment improved fuel quality including N compounds reduction and increase of esters and ethers content, which was likely due to esterification reaction between carbohydrate derivative and lipid at acid conditions. From the point of energy conversion efficiency, pretreatment decreased the energy ratio and energy efficiency and increased the energy consumption/output ratio ECR (except ECR of acid heating pretreatment) during microalgae pyrolysis process. Based on the LCA, pretreatment increased the GHG emissions in the production process of alternative biofuels. Co-use of pretreatment process during biofuel production and valuable chemicals extraction can be further researched to enhance energy efficiency and cost-efficiency for microalgae.

[en] The technology and heat analysis of an experimental device are reported for obtaining a temperature of 1⁰K by means of ⁴He. Experimental results show that 1.17 K has already been reached with this device. The radial temperature profile of the experimental dewar has been reached with this device. The radial temperature profile of the experimental dewar has been measured. The device has been successfully used in the study of composite materials and the calibration of thermometers below the λ-point of liquid medium

[en] Objective: To explore the influence of dose rate reference control level on the design of accelerator shielding. Methods: According to the standards of GBZ 126-2011, GBZ/T 201.1-2007 and GBZ/T 201.2-2011, two different shielding calculation methods, based on the dose rate reference control level and week dose control level, were used to calculate and compare the thickness of accelerator room shielding. Results: Under the same condition of maximum weekly workload, the obtained results were different when the calculated dose rate reference control value was larger than dose rate reference control level (2.5 μSv/h). The maximum difference of shielding thickness reached 64 cm. Meanwhile, considering dose rate reference control level, the different accelerator rates could lead to different radiation shielding thickness. Conclusions: The dose rate at reference point must be first calculated before calculating shielding thickness. The calculation should be made on the premise that dose rate reference control level is met. (authors)

[en] The principles and characteristics of point-projection radiography were studied through static imaging experiments, using laser-driven about 4.8 keV Ti plasma X-ray source. The application of point-projection to dynamic diagnosis was then developed, and an experimental platform was accomplished with about 4.8 keV photon energy, about 100 ps time resolution and about 10 μm spatial resolution. A series of experimental results from this platform were introduced, including those on hydrodynamic instability, laser-accelerated plasma jet and compression characters of materials. (authors)

[en] The effects of impregnation methods (co-impregnation and sequential impregnation) and drying conditions (air and vacuum) on the structure and catalytic behavior of MCM-41 supported Ni-W catalysts were investigated. The catalysts were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), diffuse reflectance UV-Vis absorbance spectroscopy (DRS), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and pyridine adsorbed infrared spectroscopy (Py-IR) techniques. They were tested for hydrodenitrogenation (HDN) of quinoline at temperatures of 300-400 deg C. The HDN results showed that the catalysts prepared by co-impregnation were more active than the catalysts prepared by sequential impregnation and the catalysts prepared by drying under vacuum were more active than the catalysts dried in air. Characterization revealed that the co-impregnation method and drying under vacuum promoted the dispersion of W, the formation of the active phases, and the formation of acidic sites on the catalysts. (author)

[en] Objective: To retrospectively evaluate the value and accuracy of adenosine stress and rest SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging. Methods: A total of 1858 patients who were suspected or known for coronary artery disease (CAD) underwent ⁹⁹Tc^m-methoxyisobutylisonitrile (MIBI) myocardial perfusion SPECT with adenosine infusion using the standard 2-day protocol. Images were interpreted by two or more experienced nuclear medicine physicians. Coronary angiography was carried out in all patients within one month. Kappa test was used to analyze the correlation between the two imaging studies. Results: By coronary angiography, there were 957 patients diagnosed of CAD (one-, two-, three-vessel disease: 506, 256, 195, respectively) and 901 normal. Stenosis was found in 1603 vessels, including left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD): 765, left circumflex coronary artery (LCX): 399 and right coronary artery (RCA): 439. By adenosine induced stress myocardial perfusion imaging, 876 patients were diagnosed of myocardial ischemia (sensitivity: 876/957, 91.54%) and 651 patients had negative findings (specificity: 651/901,72.25 %). The positive and negative predictive values were 77.80% (876/1126) and 88.93% (651/732), respectively. The correlation coefficient between the two imaging studies was 0.641. The vessel-based sensitivity was 81.31% (622/765) for LAD, 56.64% (226/399) for LCX and 70.62% (310/439) for RCA, respectively. The sensitivity for detection of one-, two-, three-vessel stenosis was 87.55% (443/506), 94.92% (243/256) and 97.44% (190/195), respectively. The side-effects was mild and transient with an incidence rate of 84.12% (1563/1858), without major cardiac events. Conclusion: Stress myocardial perfusion imaging induced by adenosine is reliable for the evaluation of myocardial blood supply in CAD patients. (authors)

[en] The X-ray spectrometer used in high-energy-density plasma experiments generally requires both broad X-ray energy coverage and high temporal, spatial, and spectral resolutions for overcoming the difficulties imposed by the X-ray background, debris, and mechanical shocks. By using an elliptical crystal together with a streak camera, we resolve this issue at the SG-II laser facility. The carefully designed elliptical crystal has a broad spectral coverage with high resolution, strong rejection of the diffuse and/or fluorescent background radiation, and negligible source broadening for extended sources. The spectra that are Bragg reflected (23° < θ < 38°) from the crystal are focused onto a streak camera slit 18 mm long and about 80 μm wide, to obtain a time-resolved spectrum. With experimental measurements, we demonstrate that the quartz(1011) elliptical analyzer at the SG-II laser facility has a single-shot spectral range of (4.64–6.45) keV, a typical spectral resolution of E/ΔE = 560, and an enhanced focusing power in the spectral dimension. For titanium (Ti) data, the lines of interest show a distribution as a function of time and the temporal variations of the He-α and Li-like Ti satellite lines and their spatial profiles show intensity peak red shifts. The spectrometer sensitivity is illustrated with a temporal resolution of better than 25 ps, which satisfies the near-term requirements of high-energy-density physics experiments. (atomic and molecular physics)

[en] AZ91D magnesium alloy substrate was first pretreated in a phosphoric acid to obtain a phosphate coating, and then, the electroless ternary Ni-W-P coating was deposited using a sulfate nickel bath. The morphologies of the Ni-W-P coating were observed by using scanning electron microscope, the deposition rate of the coating was examined with the method of gravimetric analysis, and the phase analysis was identified by x-ray diffractometer. Electrochemical property was tested by means of an electrochemical analyzer. The results indicated that the addition of an optimum concentration of CeO₂ (cerium oxide) particles could evidently improve the deposition rate and the stability of the plating bath. However, it acted as an inhibiting effect as the concentration of CeO₂ particles exceeded to 8 mg/L in the sulfate nickel bath. The results also revealed that the morphology of Ni-W-P coating became more smooth, compact and uniform with the increase in the concentrations of CeO₂ particles in the bath, but the corrosion resistance decreased due to the precipitation of crystal phases (Ni₃P, Ni₄W, etc.) after heat treatment.