[en] The model of a pulsar and physical processes occurring in its magnetosphere are described. The process of magnetosphere formation of rapidly rotating neutron star, mechanism of plasma generation and pulsar magnetic field configuration are described. Predicted by the given model existence of weak-radiating pulsars, in which the angle between the rotation axis of the star and its magnetic axis approaches 90 deg, is pointed out

[en] This paper discusses quasineutral plasma flows, self-similar motion, one-dimensional flows, adiabatic trapping of electorons, and ion acceleration. The appearance and evolution of the oscillatory plasma state is considered. The hydrodynamic breaking shock wave in nondissipative hydrodynamics is discussed and a large discontinuity at the front of a rarefaction wave is examined. Ionospheric aerodynamics is explored and a simplification of equations and the law of similarity is discussed. The authors discuss plasma in the magnetic field and present main equations. The surface current and polarization of the surface of a conducting body are examined

[en] The authors investigate the nonlinear stage in the development of Jeans instability in an expanding universe. The authors show that the relationship between density and velocity in a growing gravitational mode is such that in the nonlinear stage, the maximum initial density evolves into a self-confined nondissipative gravitational singularity (NGS). An NGS possesses perfectly well-defined scaling relations for the gas density and the field velocity and potential in the vicinity of a singularity. Well-developed gravitational turbulence consists of a hierarchical system of NGS on a range of scales, where the fields of large-scale singularities confine small-scale ones. Comparison of the theory with observational data provides a crude estimate of the original large-scale fluctuation spectrum

No abstract available

[en] Effects associated with multiple scattering of short radio waves in the ionosphere are examined on the basis of the radiation transmission equation. Expressions are obtained for the distribution functions of energy density, dispersion, and bearing shift. It is shown that theory corresponds satisfactorily with the experimental data. By comparing them the magnitudes of the ray diffusion coefficient and of the concentration perturbation in discontinuities are evaluated

[en] Nonlinear flows in nondissipative dispersion hydrodynamics are considered. It is shown that for the description of such flows one must introduce the new notion - break of special type, called ''automodel'', representing a nondissipative shock wave and replacing a strong break in usual hydrodynamics. The ''automodel break'' is linearly extended in time. It is shown that it can be inscribed into the solution of Euler equations. The conditions on the ''automodel break'' boundaries which permit to lock Euler equations for dispersion hydrodynamics, i.e. replacing the shock adiabate of usual dissipative hydrodynamics. The structure of soliton front and back front of the shock wave is investigated. The classification is performed and complete solution of the problem on decay of arbitrary initial breaks in hydrodynamics of the strongly nonisothermal plasma is given. The solution of the problem on the decay of initial breaks in hydrodynamics of the magnetized plasma is obtained. It is shown that in such plasma at the moment of soliton turn over the peculiarity of current density arises

[en] Nonlinear flows in nondissipative dispersion hydrodynamics are examined. It is demonstrated that in order to describe such flows it is necessary to incorporate a new concept: a special discontinuity called a ''self-similar'' discontinuity consisting of a nondissipative shock wave and a powerful slow wave discontinuity in regular hydrodynamics. The ''self similar discontinuity'' expands linearly over time. It is demonstrated that this concept may be introduced in a solution to Euler equations. The boundary conditions of the ''self similar discontinuity'' that allow closure of Euler equations for dispersion hydrodynamics are formulated, i.e., those that replace the shock adiabatic curve of standard dissipative hydrodynamics. The structure of the soliton front and of the trailing edge of the shock wave is investigated. A classification and complete solution are given to the problem of the decay of random initial discontinuities in the hydrodynamics of highly nonisothermic plasma. A solution is derived to the problem of the decay of initial discontinuities in the hydrodynamics of magnetized plasma. It is demonstrated that in this plasma, a feature of current density arises at the point of soliton inversion

[en] The authors use the Whitham averaging method to obtain a set of equations for the amplitude, phase, and velocity of an almost periodic wave which is a solution of the Korteweg-de Vries equation with an arbitrary linear dissipative term. They find the structure of the solution near the leading front of the wave. They study in detail the case, which corresponds to a plasma wave, of damping proportional to |k|. They construct a stationary solution for that case

[en] The idea of creating an artificially ionized region in the atmosphere by means of high-frequency pulsed breakdown in intersecting beams of radio waves was described by Gurevich. This idea was given further treatment by Borisov et al., where a large number of questions related to the electron kinetics in the discharge region were studied. Since many fast electrons are produced during the breakdown time, various electronic states of the molecules must be excited and subsequently emit radiation. Laboratory experiments succeeded in observing the stimulated UV radiation in the second positive system of nitrogen (λ = 3,371 angstrom) produced in a microwave discharge. An important property of the radiation emitted in free space when breakdown occurs in intersecting radio beams is the presence of a propagating ionization front and the associated excitation of electronic states. The purpose of the present work is to describe studies of the generation of UV radiation by a propagating ionization front suited to conditions in the terrestrial atmosphere. The possibility is discussed of creating an atmospheric laser using the second positive system of nitrogen in connection with high-frequency pulsed breakdown of air in intersecting beams of radio waves. A calculation is given of the intensity of the stimulated radiation and the magnitude of the effect is estimated

[en] With the aid of the Whitham slow modulation method the nonlinear quasiparallel flows described by the derivative nonlinear Schroedinger equation are studied in dispersive magnetohydrodynamics. The initial discontinuity decay problem is investigated. The conditions of breaking a magnetosound nondissipative shock wave is obtained