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AbstractAbstract
[en] The physical-chemical fundamentals and the state of technology in the field of nuclear waste disposal are discussed in summary form. The historical development of reprocessing, the chemistry and technology of the purex process, the conditioning and final storage of radioactive waste, the decontamination of the waste gases and safety problems are individually dealt with. (HPH)
[de]
Die physikalisch-chemischen Grundlagen und der Stand der Technik auf dem Gebiet der nuklearen Entsorgung werden zusammenfassend besprochen. Im einzelnen wird kurz auf die historische Entwicklung der Wiederaufarbeitung, auf die Chemie und Technik des Purex-Prozesses, auf die Konditionierung und Endlagerung der radioaktiven Abfaelle, auf die Reinigung der Abgase und auf Sicherheitsfragen eingegangen. (HPH)Original Title
Chemie der nuklearen Entsorgung
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1 fig.
Record Type
Journal Article
Journal
Nachr. Chem., Tech. Lab; v. 25(5); p. 233-237
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Henrich, E.; von Ammon, R.
Oak Ridge Gaseous Diffusion Plant, TN (USA)1986
Oak Ridge Gaseous Diffusion Plant, TN (USA)1986
AbstractAbstract
[en] Concepts and individual processes for the off-gas purification in reprocessing plants are described which are suited to achieve a better retention of the gaseous and volatile radionuclides 129I, 85Kr, 14C, and tritium. Improved and new process steps have been developed to the cold pilot plant scale. Essential individual process steps are an efficient iodine desorption from the dissolver solution, improved and new off-gas scrubs with nitric acid, a cryogenic as well as a selective absorption process for rare gas recovery plus the required prepurification steps and a process for the continuous and pressure-free fixation and storage of krypton in a metal matrix. Individual facilities have been selected and combined to investigate integrated dissolver off-gas systems. Advanced concepts based on a process using low flows and loads of all off-gas streams including the cell ventilation off-gas are briefly discussed
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Source
1986; 27 p; Available from NTIS, PC A03/MF A01; 1 as DE86005427; Portions of this document are illegible in microfiche products.
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Report
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BETA DECAY RADIOISOTOPES, BETA-MINUS DECAY RADIOISOTOPES, CARBON ISOTOPES, CHEMICAL REACTIONS, EVEN-EVEN NUCLEI, EVEN-ODD NUCLEI, HOURS LIVING RADIOISOTOPES, HYDROGEN ISOTOPES, INTERMEDIATE MASS NUCLEI, IODINE ISOTOPES, ISOMERIC TRANSITION ISOTOPES, ISOTOPES, KRYPTON ISOTOPES, LIGHT NUCLEI, MANAGEMENT, NUCLEAR FACILITIES, NUCLEI, ODD-EVEN NUCLEI, RADIOISOTOPES, SEPARATION PROCESSES, WASTE MANAGEMENT, WASTE PROCESSING, YEARS LIVING RADIOISOTOPES
Reference NumberReference Number
INIS VolumeINIS Volume
INIS IssueINIS Issue
Henrich, E.; Schlich, E.
Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe G.m.b.H. (Germany, F.R.); Nuklear-Chemie und -Metallurgie G.m.b.H. (NUKEM), Hanau (Germany, F.R.)1985
Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe G.m.b.H. (Germany, F.R.); Nuklear-Chemie und -Metallurgie G.m.b.H. (NUKEM), Hanau (Germany, F.R.)1985
AbstractAbstract
[en] The fission-product I is desorbed from the heated distillate by purging it with a small quantity of transport gas containing steam, nitrogen oxides and air constituents. To maintain the volume of the solution constant, the condensed steam is fed back to the solution through a countercurrent arrangement. Toward the end of the desorption process after decreasing the fission-product I content to several parts per thousand to a percent, the desorption is accelerated by adding inactive carrier I and the degree of desorption is improved. (orig./PW)
Original Title
Verfahren zum Desorbieren von Spaltjod aus salpetersaurer Brennstoffloesung
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21 Nov 1985; 20 Dec 1979; 7 p; DE PATENT DOCUMENT 2951339/C/; ?: 20 Dec 1979
Record Type
Patent
Country of publication
BETA DECAY RADIOISOTOPES, BETA-MINUS DECAY RADIOISOTOPES, CHALCOGENIDES, CHEMICAL REACTIONS, FUEL ELEMENTS, INTERMEDIATE MASS NUCLEI, IODINE ISOTOPES, ISOTOPES, MANAGEMENT, NITROGEN COMPOUNDS, NUCLEI, ODD-EVEN NUCLEI, OXIDES, OXYGEN COMPOUNDS, RADIOISOTOPES, REACTOR COMPONENTS, SEPARATION PROCESSES, WASTE MANAGEMENT, WASTE PROCESSING, YEARS LIVING RADIOISOTOPES
Reference NumberReference Number
INIS VolumeINIS Volume
INIS IssueINIS Issue
Henrich, E.; Leuchtmann, D.; Weinlaender, W.
Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe G.m.b.H. (Germany, F.R.)1983
Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe G.m.b.H. (Germany, F.R.)1983
AbstractAbstract
[en] The dissolver and shears waste gas consists mainly of inert transport gas with aerosols, NOx, I, ruthenium tetroxide and tritiated steam. THE AEROSOL SEPARATION< NOx recombination and iodine absorption is done in a floor column with nitric acid as the washing liquid. Due to the nitrogen oxide washing, waste gas free of iodine and ruthenium tetroxide is formed. The further treatment of the iodine therefore does not have to take place in the flow of waste gas, but can be carried out in a shunt flow. (DG)
[de]
Das Aufloeser- und Scherenabgas besteht im wesentlichen aus einem inerten Transportgas mit Aerosolen, NOx, J, Rutheniumtetroxid und tritiertem Wasserdampf. Die Aerosolabscheidung, NOx-Rekombination und Jodabsorption erfolgt in einer Bodenkolonne mit Salpetersaeure als Waschfluessigkeit. Durch die Stickoxidwaesche entsteht ein jod- und rutheniumtetroxidfreies Abgas. Die Weiterbehandlung des Jods muss daher nicht mehr im Abgasstrom erfolgen, sondern kann in einem Nebenstrom durchgefuehrt werden. (DG)Original Title
Verfahren zum Reinigen der Abgase einer Wiederaufarbeitungsanlage fuer bestrahlte Kernbrennstoffe und Einrichtung zum Durchfuehren des Verfahrens
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10 Nov 1983; 31 Dec 1977; 6 p; DE PATENT DOCUMENT 2759185/C2/; Available from Deutsches Patentamt, Muenchen (Germany, F.R.); ?: 31 Dec 1977
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Patent
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AbstractAbstract
[en] A process is claimed for separating the noble fission gases xenon and krypton from a prepurified waste gas from a nuclear plant. The prepurified waste gas is brought into contact with liquid Cl2CF2 as an absorption agent in a first column at an operating pressure which is less than or equal to normal pressure, whereby Xe, Kr, N2O, CO2, O2 and N2 are absorbed by the agent. Subsequently, the liquid absorption agent containing the absorbed gases is heated to substantially the boiling temperature of Cl2CF2 at the operating pressure for vaporizing part of the liquid absorption agent and desorbing the absorbed Kr, N2 and O2 to thereby separate the Kr and Xe from one another. The desorbed Kr, N2 and O2 gases are separated from the vaporized absorption agent. The liquid absorption agent which has not been vaporized is treated to recover Xe, N2O and CO2. Waste gas containing Kr, N2 and O2 from the head of the first column is brought into contact with liquid Cl2CF2 as an absorption agent in a second column, at an operating pressure which is less than or equal to normal pressure, whereby Kr, N2 and O2 are absorbed. Subsequently, the liquid absorption agent in the second column containing the absorbed Kr, N2 and O2 is heated substantially the boiling temperature of the Cl2CF2 at the operating pressure for vaporizing part of the liquid absorption agent and desorbing the absorbed N2 and O2. The liquid Cl2CF2 which has not been vaporized is treated to recover KR. An apparatus is provided for performing the process
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Source
23 Aug 1983; v p; US PATENT DOCUMENT 4,400,183/A/; U.S. Commissioner of Patents, Washington, D.C. 20231, USA, $.50; PAT-APPL-313662.
Record Type
Patent
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Reference NumberReference Number
INIS VolumeINIS Volume
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Henrich, E.; Leuchtmann, D.
Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe G.m.b.H. (Germany, F.R.)1983
Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe G.m.b.H. (Germany, F.R.)1983
AbstractAbstract
[en] The dissolver and shears waste gas of the reprocessing plant consists of an inert transport gas and impurities from NOx, iodine and iodine compounds, and tritiated steam. Cleaning takes place in a combined similar and counterflow column, where a super-azotrope nitric acid is used as the washing liquid. The temperatures in the column parts are set differently as regards the melting point of the washing liquid. The nitric acid vapour contained in the cleaned exhaust gas can be washed out with dilute nitric acid at -20 to -400C. (DG)
[de]
Das Aufloeser- und Scherenabgas der WAA besteht aus einem inerten Transportgas und Verunreinigungen aus NOx, Jod und Jodverbindungen sowie tritiiertem Wasserdampf. Die Reinigung erfolgt in einer kombinierten Gleich- und Gegenstromkolonne, wobei als Waschfluessigkeit eine ueberazeotrope Salpetersaeure verwendet wird. Die Temperaturen in den Kolonnenteilen sind bezueglich des Schmelzpunktes der Waschfluessigkeit unterschiedlich eingestellt. Die in dem gereinigten Abgas letztlich enthaltenen Salpetersaeuredaempfe koennen mit verduennter Salpetersaeure bei -20 bis -400C ausgewaschen werden. (DG)Original Title
Verfahren zum Reinigen von Abgasen einer Wiederaufarbeitungsanlage fuer bestrahlte Kernbrennstoffe
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Source
20 Oct 1983; 3 Jan 1978; 5 p; DE PATENT DOCUMENT 2800120/C2/; Available from Deutsches Patentamt, Muenchen (Germany, F.R.); ?: 3 Jan 1978
Record Type
Patent
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INIS IssueINIS Issue
Henrich, E.; Huefner, R.; Weirich, F.
Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe G.m.b.H. (Germany, F.R.)1987
Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe G.m.b.H. (Germany, F.R.)1987
AbstractAbstract
[en] With this column arrangement, without using excess pressure, the inert fission gases Kr and Xe and N2O and 14CO2 can be removed from waste gases, Xe and Kr can be separated and Kr can be produced in a practically pure form. The process can be generally used for waste gases, which occur in the solution of oxidic nuclear fuels. It uses selective absorption in Cl2CF2 as a stage in the process. By cooling the waste gases before entry into the absorber, the amounts of gas components which can be frozen, are reduced so that defroster cycle of 100 hours are made possible. (DG)
[de]
Mit der Kolonnenanordnung koennen ohne Anwendung eines Ueberdrucks die Spaltedelgase Kr und Xe sowie N2O und 14CO2 aus Abgasen entfernt, Xe und Kr voneinander getrennt und Kr in praktisch reiner Form erzeugt werden. Das Verfahren ist generell fuer Abgase, die bei der Aufloesung von oxidischen Kernbrennstoffen entstehen, verwendbar. Es benutzt als Verfahrensschritt die selektive Absorption in Cl2CF2. Durch Kuehlung der Abgase vor Eintritt in den Absorber werden die Mengen ausfrierbarer Gaskomponenten derart verringert, dass Defrosterzyklen von 100 Stunden ermoeglicht werden. (DG)Original Title
Verfahren und Kolonnenanordnung zum Abtrennen der Spaltedelgase Xenon und Krypton aus Abgasen kerntechnischer Anlagen
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Source
3 Sep 1987; 21 Oct 1980; 8 p; DE PATENT DOCUMENT 3039604/C2/; ?: 21 Oct 1980
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Patent
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Roemer, J.; Henrich, E.
Proceedings of the 20th DOE/NRC nuclear air cleaning conference. Sessions 1--51989
Proceedings of the 20th DOE/NRC nuclear air cleaning conference. Sessions 1--51989
AbstractAbstract
[en] A mathematical model for a selective absorption process for rare gas recovery from the dissolver off-gas will be presented. The process is a conventional gas absorption-desorption procedure using circulating CC12F2 solvent at cryogenic temperatures. A high product purity is achieved with an additional intermediate stripping step for the removal of coabsorbed carrier gases. The mathematical model is based on the stage theory. The absorber and the final desorber can be described by simple equations, because the operating conditions are constant over the packed length. For the intermediate stripper the whole system of material and energy balance equations has to be solved for each stage. An iterative procedure has been developed, which allows the determination of flow and concentration profiles for each gas component. A selfconsistent temperature profile terminates the iteration. The model requires experimental distribution data of the various gas components, operating conditions and design parameters such as the number of stages in the packed zones, which must be determined experimentally. Optimum operation conditions have been predicted by the model and verified in the pilot plant
Primary Subject
Secondary Subject
Source
First, M.W. (ed.); Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, DC (USA). Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research; Harvard Univ., Boston, MA (USA). Harvard Air Cleaning Lab; 627 p; May 1989; p. 138-153; 20. DOE/NRC nuclear air cleaning conference; Boston, MA (USA); 22-25 Aug 1988; CONF-880815--VOL.1; Available from NTIS, PC A99/MF A01 - I as DE89014647
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Report
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Conference
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AbstractAbstract
[en] A process is claimed for desorbing fission iodine from a solution in a dissolver containing nitric acid and nuclear fuel. At least part of the solution is distilled by boiling creating an iodine-containing vapor, and the condensate vapor is conducted in an ascending condenser in countercurrent with its condensate. The resulting condensate is the returned to the dissolver. The desorption of the iodine in the condenser is effected by means of a gas
Primary Subject
Source
21 Feb 1984; v p; US PATENT DOCUMENT 4,432,955/A/; U.S. Commissioner of Patents, Washington, D.C. 20231, USA, $.50; PAT-APPL-218193.
Record Type
Patent
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Schmieder, H.; Henrich, E.; Dinjus, E.
Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH Technik und Umwelt (Germany). Inst. fuer Technische Chemie2000
Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH Technik und Umwelt (Germany). Inst. fuer Technische Chemie2000
AbstractAbstract
[en] This study shall contribute to recognise the chemical and engineering research and development need for the future energy supply which besides the improvement of the energy efficiency will increasingly use renewable energies. As an introduction to the complex topic a summarised opinion of competent international experts about the development of energy requirements and its supply in the current century is put in front. An important role can be derived from this for the biomass. The use of the solar power accumulated in the biomass for water splitting to produce the low-emission fuel hydrogen could play a significant role to substitute oil and natural gas. Besides this, the coal which has today the largest foreseeable reserves of the fossil fuels probably will have to make an important contribution. Dominant for the use of coal is the efficiency improvement of the transformation processes and the reduction of the emissions / immissions, as well for electricity production as for synthetic fuel production. This aim should most likely be achieved by gasification and for the electricity production in connection with gas turbines (combined cycle) or also hydrogen fuel cells. The principles of the gasification for the different carbonaceous educts - from biomass up to anthracite - are the same. The differences in reactivity and in accompanying substances require both a better understanding of the chemical - physical fundamentals and technological progress, to guarantee the required high process efficiency and the restrictive purity specifications of gas turbines or fuel cells. The state of the art for the hydrogen production also with a view to the use of renewable energies is presented and discussed in detail. The process developments for the gasification of biomass are surprisingly little progressed in comparison with the expensive electrolysis using renewable electricity (photo voltaic, wind). After describing of R and D projects which build up on the principles of traditional gasification a new process concept is presented to the split of water under hydrothermal conditions. In conclusion the research and development need is discussed. (orig.)
[de]
Diese Abhandlung soll dazu beitragen den chemischen und verfahrenstechnischen Forschungs- und Entwicklungsbedarf fuer die zukuenftige Energieversorgung, die neben verbesserter Energieeffizienz zunehmend auf erneuerbare Energien bauen wird, deutlicher zu erkennen und die in dieser Hinsicht bestehenden Luecken aufzuzeigen. Zur Einfuehrung in das komplexe Thema wird eine zusammengefasste Einschaetzung der zustaendigen internationalen Gremien ueber die Entwicklung des Energiebedarfes und dessen Deckung im laufenden Jahrhundert vorangestellt. Daraus kann fuer die Biomasse eine bedeutende Rolle abgeleitet werden. Die Nutzung der in der Biomasse gespeicherten Sonnenenergie zur Wasserspaltung koennte eine nicht unwesentliche Rolle beim Ersatz von Oel und Erdgas spielen. Daneben wird die Kohle im laufenden Jahrhundert wahrscheinlich noch einen grossen Beitrag leisten muessen. Bei der Kohlenutzung, ob fuer die Elektrizitaetserzeugung oder Kraftstoffherstellung, steht die Effizienzverbesserung der Umwandlungsverfahren und die Senkung der Emissionen und Immissionen im Vordergrund. Dieses Ziel ist nach heutigen Wissensstand am besten ueber Vergasung zu erreichen; fuer die Elektrizitaetserzeugung in Verbindung mit GuD oder den heute noch teuren Brennstoffzellen. Die Verfahrensprinzipien der Vergasung sind fuer die verschiedenen kohlenstoffhaltigen Edukte - von der Biomasse bis zum Anthrazit - die gleichen, die Unterschiede in der Reaktivitaet und bei den Begleitstoffen erfordem allerdings ein besseres Verstaendnis der chemisch - physikalischen Vorgaenge und verfahrenstechnische Fortschritte, um bei hohem Gaswirkungsgrad die restriktiven Reinheitsspezifikationen der Speisegase fuer Gasturbinen oder Brennstoffzellen sicher zu stellen. Der Stand der Technik fuer die Wasserstoffherstellung wird ausfuehrlich dargestellt und diskutiert, auch im Hinblick auf die Nutzung erneuerbarer Energien. Die Verfahrensentwicklungen zur Vergasung von Biomasse sind im Vergleich mit der heute noch teuren Elektrolyse bei Nutzung von erneuerbarer Elektrizitaet (PV, Wind) ueberraschender Weise am wenigsten fortgeschritten. Nach Beschreibung von F and E Vorhaben, die auf dem Prinzip der traditionellen Vergasung aufbauen, wird ein neuer Verfahrensvorschlag zur Wasserspaltung unter hydrothermalen Bedingungen vorgestellt. Abschliessend wird der Forschungs- und Entwicklungsbedarf diskutiert. (orig.)Original Title
Wasserstoffgewinnung durch Wasserspaltung mit Biomasse und Kohle
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Nov 2000; 66 p; ISSN 0947-8620; ; Available from TIB Hannover: ZA 5141(6556)
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