[en] This patent describes an apparatus for generating electron radiation or X-ray radiation. It comprises accelerator means for generating and accelerating electrons to form an electron beam which has a predetermined low intensity level for the generation of the electron radiation or a predetermined high intensity level for the generation of the X-ray radiation; supporting means for supporting a scattering foil and a target and for selectively moving either the foil into the trajectory of the electron beam having the low intensity level for generating the electron radiation upon impingement of the electrons there or on the target into the trajectory of the electron beam having the high intensity level for generating the X-ray radiation upon impingement of the electrons thereon; detecting means operable by the supporting means for sensing the position of the target relative to the trajectory of the electron beam; and inhibiting means coupled to the accelerator means and to the detecting means for preventing the generation of an electron beam having the high intensity level if the foil and not the target is positioned in the trajectory of the electron beam

[en] The existence of lead in steam generators, detected during analysis of deposits in the damaged areas of tubing and in the fracture surfaces of existing cracks, bears out the hypothesis that lead may contribute to the cracking problems arising in the tubing during operation. The lead present in a steam generator, which comes from the turbine, pumb seals, valve packing, liners etc, may form concentrations from 0,02% in the sludge. The fact that the lead comes from different sources limits the scope for controlling this contaminant and makes it difficult to reduce its concentration in the sludge below several hundred ppm. Taking these facts into account, it seems necessary to count on lead being present in new steam generators and to consider the influence of this contaminant on the behaviour of the materials considered as substitutes for Alloy 600. This paper presents the experimental work conducted with a view to determining the influence of the concentration of OPb in caustic environments and under AVT conditions, on the stress corrosion resistance of the nickel alloys used in the fabrication of steam generator tubing. Tests were performed at 320 degree centigree

[en] The objective of this experimental work is to study the SCC susceptibility of thermally sensitized and irradiated AISI 304 SS with two different carbon content (HC and ULC), under inert gas and BWR operating conditions, using two different accumulated neutron fluences

[en] The ratios between the amplitudes of p-modes measured simultaneously in the Na and K resonance lines are compared with the expected ratios for adiabatic waves at two different levels in the atmosphere. The results agree within errors with the energy decaying solution for the waves at the photosphere

[en] The influence of the process of incomplete charge collection on the performance properties of HPGe well-type detectors is studied. A simplified sub-routine, that takes into account the total collection time of charges within the Ge-crystal, has been developed and coupled to the Monte Carlo photopeak efficiency. Only the manufacturer's data of the detector's geometry and the detector's operating voltage was used in the sub-routine. The corrected photopeak efficiency simulations, as based on this new sub-routine, showed much better agreement with the experimental data, especially for energies above 40 keV. The ratio between the experimental and simulated efficiency at 1460 keV were, for example, improved from 0.73 to 0.96 after performing these corrections on our largest well-type Ge-detector

[en] The mechanical properties of ACuZinc5TM alloys are influenced by the fraction solid of the primary epsilon (e) phase and their interrelations with the eta (η) phase. In this study the primary epsilon phase fraction results from cooling conditions similar to that applied in different casting processes have been measured. Additionally an analysis was made from the morphology's changes and from the thermal analysis results to suggest the probably adequate moment to apply stirring in semisolid metal processing. From these results it is possible to design experimental thermal cycles to obtain an adequate distribution of e and . phases in the end castings microstructure. (Author) 21 refs.

[en] In Spain, electricity distribution represents a quarter of the total electricity cost, and consists of 347 companies classified in two different groups: five larger utilities, which feed from the transmission and have, on average, five million points of supply (P.o.S.); and 342 smaller companies, which feed from lower voltage levels and have, on average, less than 5.000 P.o.S. The unitary remuneration is four times higher in the case of the smaller companies, which are operating at lower voltage levels and with a worse quality of service. We analyze, for the year 2011, a representative sample of 102 smaller distributors in Spain using DEA methodology. Our analysis introduces the change of perspective from the individual firm to the Regulatory body. The DMUs are the companies, but the information provided by the DEA models is oriented to reducing remuneration of inefficient units (maintaining quality), with corresponding savings for the overall system. The total reduction would rise close to 60 million Euros per year considering only the smaller companies. - Highlights: • Electricity distribution in Spain comprises companies of varying sizes. Five large companies distribute 97% of the energy. • The unitary remuneration is much lower in the larger companies, which operate with a better quality of service. • A DEA methodology could be used by the Spanish Regulator in order to improve the efficiency of the system.

[en] The aim of this study was to determine whether a cosmetic formulation elaborated with ozonized theobroma oil may exert beneficial effects in the restoring of the antioxidant activity on the skin of rats previously irradiated with ultraviolet light. 0.5 g of the formulation was applied on the skin of rats for five days. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT) activity were determined in a homogenate of rat skin. Malondialdehyde (MDA), conjugated dienes (CD) and total hydroperoxide (THP) content were determined as biomarkers of oxidative stress. Using these parameters, antioxidant and oxidant activity, redox index and oxidative stress grade were determined. The total antioxidant activity was significantly increased while the redox index, total oxidant activity and oxidative stress grade decreased significantly in damaged rats treated with the formulation. These results show the antioxidant properties of the cosmetic formulation due to the stimulation of antioxidant enzymes such as SOD and GPx, preventing skin injury induced by ultraviolet irradiation. (Author).

[en] Rotational splitting measurements of p-modes are calculated using different sources of data. For data obtained from years 1981 to 1985 is used to find out the stretches where each particular mode remains excited, then its splitting is measured and the mean found. Cross-correlation of power spectra confirms these finding, and this method is used to look for the 1=2 splitting. For 2<1<5 only one month of data is available and superposition of peak structures gives an upper limit for their splitting

No abstract available