[en] Economic processes generate a variety of material flows, which cause resource problems through the depletion of natural resources and environmental issues due to the emission of pollutants. This thesis presents an analytical method to study the relationship between the monetary economy and the 'physical economy'. In particular, this method can assess the impact of structural change in the economy on physical throughput. The starting point for the approach is the development of an elaborate version of the physical input-output table (PIOT), which acts as an economic-environmental accounting framework for the physical economy. In the empirical application, hybrid-unit input-output (I/O) tables, which combine physical and monetary information, are constructed for iron and steel, and plastic products for the Netherlands for the years 1990 and 1997. The impact of structural change on material flows is analyzed using Structural Decomposition Analysis (SDA), whic specifies effects such as sectoral shifts, technological change, and alterations in consumer spending and international trade patterns. The study thoroughly reviews the application of SDA to environmental issues, compares the method with other decomposition methods, and develops new mathematical specifications. An SDA is performed using the hybrid-unit input-output tables for the Netherlands. The results are subsequently used in novel forecasting and backcasting scenario analyses for the period 1997-2030. The results show that dematerialization of iron and steel, and plastics, has generally not occurred in the recent past (1990-1997), and will not occur, under a wide variety of scenario assumptions, in the future (1997-2030)

[en] The state selective electron capture cross sections for 24 keV 0³⁺ colliding on atomic hydrogen, obtained by photon emission spectroscopy show that the 3s ³P⁰ is the dominant capture channel, which is in contradiction with recent fully quantal calculations. Our measurements are qualitatively in agreement with recent translational energy spectroscopy measurements, although the absolute values of the cross sections are found to be larger. However the sum of all our state selective electron capture cross sections is in agreement with total one electron capture measurements

[en] Full text: The emphasis of the work at KVI was on charge exchange by alpha particles, in particular we investigated the subsequent photon emission. For alpha particles colliding on molecular hydrogen, it was found that at energies well below 1 keV/amu two-electron capture dominates over single-electron capture, up to orders of magnitude. Our state selective measurements indicate that at low energies two-electron capture populates mainly excited states. Single electron capture swaps from capture into excited states to capture into the ground state at energies below 1 keV/amu. The latter channel must leave the electron-donor molecule in an excited state which most likely leads to dissociation and the production of relatively energetic atomic hydrogen. As such processes might be of relevance for the modelling of alpha particle and maybe even (molecular) hydrogen transport in the divertor/edge region of fusion plasmas, the experiments were extended to a whole series of di- and tri-atomic molecules and hydrocarbons. In collaboration with the group of McCullough (Queen's University Belfast), our photon emission spectroscopy experiments have been complemented with so-called TES measurements which give access to the final states of the molecules. For almost all molecules except for the larger hydrocarbons the behavior is by and large the same and their behavior is similar to molecular hydrogen. Thus it should be possible to generate an approximate scaling of charge exchange cross sections for alpha particles interacting with molecules. (author)

[en] We have determined by means of V.U.V. spectroscopy the polarization of the (3l → 2l') transitions of the C^3+* ion produced in C⁴⁺ - H₂ collisions, in the 0.2 ≤v≤ 0.5 a.u. velocity range. The polarization fraction, quantitatively discussed in terms of alignment of the orbital momentum substates, shows that the m_l substates, in the n=3 shell of C^3+* are not populated equally by the electron capture process. For the 3p- and the 3d-states the polarization increases with the energy, and indicates, for capture to the 3p-state, a dominant population of the m_l=0 substate

No abstract available

[en] We have used photon emission spectroscopy to determine absolute, state-selective cross sections for single-electron capture by O³⁺ ions colliding on atomic and molecular hydrogen. The impact energy was varied between 45 and 752 eV amu^-1. For O³⁺ + H collisions we find that the cross section for capture into the 2p3s state of O²⁺ strongly increases with impact energy up to an energy of ∼ 100 eV amu^-1. At higher impact energies the 2p3s cross section becomes comparable to the more or less constant 2p3p cross section. For the O³⁺ + H₂ system these state-selective cross sections both stay approximately constant over the entire energy range investigated. Our results will be compared with existing experimental and theoretical data. (Author)

[en] The present list of atomic masses is an update from the 1983 Atomic Mass Table. Two categories of mass values are represented in the tabulation: those derived purely from experimental data, and those calculated with the help of systematic trends also. In order to improve the reliability of the mass values of the latter category, a novel method of extrapolation has been added capitalizing on new formulas for neutron and proton pairing energies. copyright 1988 Academic Press, Inc

No abstract available

[en] The first state selective electron capture cross section measurements at eV energies are reported for collisions between C⁴⁺ ions and H₂ molecules. The cross sections are measured in a crossed beam experiment by means of Photon Emission Spectroscopy. The ion beams are decelerated in an octopole ion trap where the trap is used to guide the ion beam through the collision region. The experimental results are in excellent agreement with previous measurements at higher energies. The 3-state atomic orbital calculations of Gargaud and McCarroll generally agree with our measurements although there are some discrepancies at lower energies. However, the results for C⁴⁺ are still on a relative scale. To put our measurements on an absolute scale the N⁴⁺+ H system is investigated at keV energies. These results are in good agreement with the data of previous experiments

[en] The summary report within the research project 'Charge exchange cross section data for fusion plasma studies' is presented. The emphasis has been on charge transfer reactions between multicharged ions and neutrals at energies of divertor and scrape-off-layers relevance. First experiments were performed with He²⁺ and He-like C⁴⁺, N⁵⁺ and O⁶⁺ ions colliding on molecular hydrogen. The output (publications) related to the project is presented