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[en] This publication presents the dynamism, situation and perspectives of development of the biomethane industry in France, in particular in the framework of the project of pluriannual energy plan (PPE). A first part presents the advantages, production means and potential resources of biomethane in France with the description of a bio-methanization model project. A second part presents the regulatory framework: the pluriannual energy plan goals, the origin warranties mechanism, the transitional purchase price conditions, the new purchase price calculation method and its progressive decay, the injection right and the reinforcement of gas networks. The third part treats of the past years trend of biomethane industry: number of biomethane injection units, number of units per type of installation and their respective production capacity, number and capacity of declared projects, regional distribution of declared projects and units, networks capacity per operator, validated connections and related investment, evolution of the number of origin warranties, overview of suppliers having a biomethane offer, number of gas stations with biomethane and number of gas-fueled vehicles. A last part deals with the alternative ways of biomethane production (pyro-gasification and hydrothermal gasification)

[en] 718 biomethane operating units have been registered in the main European producing countries at the end of 2019. These installations have a total biogas upgrading capacity of 682,000 Nm³/h, i.e. a maximum of 30 TWh of biomethane per year. Most of these units inject into the national gas grids and are supplied with energy crops, organic or agricultural waste. The distribution of the units across countries is more and more uniform: large producers that have reached a certain level of development are receiving less subsidies and the fastest growing countries, such as France, the Netherlands and Denmark, Current situation are following their footsteps. Despite a minor inflection between 2016 and 2018, the sector registers a higher growth in 2019 with +12% of capacity over the year. This increase is driven by countries promoting the use of local agricultural units to produce biomethane. The Italian market on the other develops its production installing large-capacity organic waste treatment plants. The Covid-19 crisis could slow down the sector's development in 2020, but the ongoing projects have not been cancelled and the governments have taken action to limit the impact of the crisis. The first signs are encouraging, such as in France, where 62 new units have been commissioned in 2020. Most mature countries are transitioning from feed-in tariffs to tendering systems that encourage the industry to reduce its costs and be less dependent on support mechanisms. Some countries are also ending investment subsidies to only stimulate demand for biomethane through quota systems or exemptions from consumption taxes. Meanwhile, an increasing number of national registers tracking biomethane production have been implemented, enabling the development of Guarantees of Origin (G.O.) markets. While several countries, including France, are revising their G.O. systems, the REGATRACE project (June 2019 - May 2022) aims to implement a centralized European system to emit and share Guarantees of Origin. It would allow the national registries to take other countries G.O. into account as of June 2020 and would be compliant with the guidelines of the RED II European directive

[en] A new radioconjugate with three cyclic RGD was prepared,and in vitro and in vivo evaluation of this conjugate was studied. The results show that the radiolabeled yield of ⁹⁹Tc^m(CO)₃-CNRGD reaches to 77% under optimum conditions and the radiochemical purity is more than 96% after purification with a C-18 Sep-Pak Cartridge. The in vitro stability of ⁹⁹Tc^m(CO)₃-CNRGD is satisfactory. The partition coefficients of ⁹⁹Tc^m(CO)₃-CNRGD indicate that it is a lipophilic compound. The in vivo biodistribution of the radioconjugate in normal mice shows rapid clearance from blood and excretion mainly through hepatobiliary and renal systems. The results in nude mice bearing MCF-7 breast tumor xenografts show that the radioconjugate has moderately tumor uptake and long tumor retention time. (authors)

[en] The mass formula is derived from a continuous medium model with variable densities. The parameters contained in the formula are determined by fitting the experimental atomic masses, root-mean-square charge radii, and the Coulomb energy differences between isobaric analog states. With our formula and the shell corrections of Moeller and Nix, the nuclear masses for 1333 nuclides from A = 20 to 259 are calculated. The root-mean-square deviation of the fitting is 0.803 MeV. The calculated charge densities, root-mean-square charge radii, and Coulomb-energy differences between isobaric analog states are also in good agreement with the empirical data

[en] The in vessel retention through external reactor vessel cooling (IVR ERVC) is adopted for the APR 1400 as a severe accident management strategy to remove decay heat from molten corium. The core melt progression process is divided into two phases, early phase and late phase. During early phase core melt progression, the molten corium set to first relocation in the lower head. From the first relocation of molten corium to reactor vessel failure is called late phase core melt progression. Additional coolant injection would be effective to remove core decay heat without any safety injection pump operations, particularly during the late phase core melt progression to cool relocated corium. Generally it's regarded as the success of IVR ERVC when the heat flux of the RPV wall is lower than the critical heat flux on any location of the vessel external surface. To improve feasibility of IVR ERVC, thermal margin improvement can be considered by either enhancing coolability or reducing the heat load on the external wall of reactor vessel lower head. In this paper, the additional injection tank designs were suggested with following core melt progression analysis in order to reduce the heat load and optimize the injection setpoints for APR 1400. The core melt progression analysis was performed using modular accident analysis program (MAAP4) code under the 4 setpoint cases of the additional injection tank for several accident scenarios

[en] A novel spectrophotometric method for the determination of methylene diphosphonate in a stannous methylene diphosphonate kit via complex formation with iron (III) chloride was established. The results show that the absorbance of complex obeys the Lambert-Beer law in the range of methylene diphosphonate mass concentration of 0.02-0.08 g/L, and the linear regression equation is y = 14.61 x + 0.0297, with the correlation coefficient of 0.9991. The recoveries are 98.8%-102.0%, and the relative standard deviation is 0.97% (n = 6). The proposed method is rapid, simple and sensitive, and therefore can be applied for routine analyses and quality control of methylene diphosphonate in its lyophilized kit. (authors)

[en] The use of CNS receptor imagings and basic requirements for their imaging agents are reviewed. The labelled methods and the current state of development in CNS receptor imaging agents based on ⁹⁹Tc^m in recent years are introduced

[en] (S)-(-)-5-mercapto-N-((1-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl)-2-methoxy benz-amide [MBZM] is synthesized by introducing a mercapto group at 5-position of benzene ring to mimic sulpiride ligand. Through the '3 + 1' mixed ligand approach, a neutral radiolabelled compound ⁹⁹Tc^m-MBZM is also prepared as a potential D2 receptor imaging agent, ⁹⁹Tc^m-MBZM exhibits a fast clearance in blood and higher uptake in the liver and kidney (2.148 and 2.184% ID/g at 30 min respectively) but low initial brain uptake (only 0.145% ID/g at 2 min). The results preclude ⁹⁹Tc^m-MBZM from making a brain receptor agent

[en] Using chromatography for extracting medical isotope ⁹⁹Tc^m from ⁹⁹Mo is a potential way to deal with the current fission-based ⁹⁹Mo supply crisis. The process and properties of activated carbon fiber separating ⁹⁹Tc^m from mother nuclide ⁹⁹Mo were studied by static and dynamic adsorption experiments. The results show that activated carbon fiber can selectively adsorb pertechnetate ions in 3 mol/L NaOH solution. The equilibrium time is about 500 s, and the adsorption, with 32.47 mg/g of saturated adsorption capacity, follows the pseudo 2nd order kinetic model. In the dynamic adsorption elution experiment, the breakthrough volume of 1.0 g activated carbon fiber chromatographic column is 70 mL, and pertechnetate is effectively eluted from activated carbon fiber chromatographic column in 40 mL water. The research results show that chromatographic column of activated carbon fiber can be used for separation of technetium from molybdenum without organic solvent. The yield of technetium is 98%, and residual concentration of molybdenum is 3.5 mg/L in eluates. (authors)