[en] A ternary carbide phase, namely Ti₃AlC₂, was successfully synthesized by hot pressing (HP) and spark plasma sintering (SPS), respectively, from the starting materials of Ti, Al₄C₃ and activated carbon. The soaking temperature of HP process was 1400 deg. C and the soaking time varied from 5 to 120 min. The soaking temperature of SPS process was 1300 deg. C and the soaking time varied from 1 to 7 min. Based on the results of X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), a possible mechanism was presented: firstly, at a certain sintering temperature, plenty of Ti₆C octahedra are formed. Thereafter, two different intermediate products are obtained from the Ti₆C octahedra depending on different soaking temperatures. One intermediate product is Ti₂AlC obtained by linking every layer of Ti₆C octahedra together by an aluminum plane. The other is TiC obtained by linking the Ti₆C octahedra together directly. Finally, the intermediate products transform to Ti₃AlC₂ as the soaking time is extended. Ti₂AlC loses half of its aluminum layers and then transforms to Ti₃AlC₂. Ti₆C octahedra in TiC crystals are separated by aluminum planes and then TiC transforms to Ti₃AlC₂

[en] This paper calculates the temperature of the source material of energetic solar particles by using the average overabundance data of heavy ions in energetic solar-particle events, and proposes a new high chromosphere model to describe the source materials of energetic solar cosmic-ray particles. Solar flare observations showed that the flare acceleration region of the solar cosmic rays was most likely near the lower corona, and could be as high as several tens of thousands of kilometers. It is noted that the source and acceleration region for the solar cosmic rays are not located in the same region. A possible mechanism for heavy-ion overabundance in energetic solar-particle events is proposed. The source material is transported from the chromosphere to the active region by the frozen force-free field of the sun spots. This leads to a large abundance of heavy ions in the acceleration region ahead of the flare, and to overabundance of heavy elements in the cosmic rays behind the flare

[en] This paper presents an investigation of heterogeneity of the degree of graphitization for a carbon cloth reinforced carbon matrix composite material, which has a low crystalline extent. First, the fiber and the matrix carbon with different microstructures in the composite are analyzed respectively by using the micro Raman spectroscopy. To further study this heterogeneity of the degree of graphitization, the carbon fiber and the matrix carbon are prepared separately under the same processing with the composite, and are characterized by X-ray diffraction and peak separation, respectively. The experiment results indicate that the composite can be decomposed into three constituents with large difference of degree of graphitization. The results are in accordance with the microstructure analysis under the polarized light illumination and micro Raman spectroscopy analysis. The causes leading to a low degree of graphitization of the composite are pointed out, and the key steps to manufacture composite with high degree of graphitization are emphasized

[en] The water droplets in the microemulsion system of cyclohexane/water/TritonX-100/hexyl alcohol can act as the nano-reactors which solubilize zirconium oxychloride and ammonia separately. The precipitation reactions will take place in the confined spaces determined by the droplets size. The minute original reactors help us obtain nano-size spherical zirconia amorphous powder with uniform diameter distribution and weak aggregate. Such powder begins to crystallize at the temperature about 475 deg. C, and its shrinkage of densification will be elementarily finished from 1080 to 1280 deg. C. The powder is formed by dry pressing process. The 99% relative density and 100% tetragonal phase can be obtained when the green body is sintered at 1400 deg. C for 2 h

[en] The life of Minjiang Test Reactor (MJTR) detectors and its control system will be shortened due to the nearby strong neutron and γ irradiation in the core. With the enlarging of the diameter of the irradiation channel in the reactor, the changing of the center location of the channel and the increasing of the volume of irradiation sample, the disturbance to the neutron signal received by the detectors will be increased, which is harmful to the safe operation of the reactor. Thus the layout of MJTR detectors is improved. This paper introduces the measures, design principle and methods and result for the improvement of the layout of the detectors. Debugging results indicate that the layout of the detector channels and function assignment in the improved design are reasonable, and can meet the design requirements. (author)

[en] A new laser induction hybrid cladding technique on cylinder work piece is presented. Based on a series of laser induction hybrid experiments by off axial powder feeding, the predicting models of individual clad geometric formation and powder catchment were developed in terms of powder feeding rate, laser special energy and induction energy density using multiple regression analysis. In addition, confirmation tests were performed to make a comparison between the predicting results and measured ones. Via the experiments and analysis, the conclusions can be lead to that the process parameters have crucial influence on the clad geometric formation and powder catchment, and that the predicting model reflects well the relationship between the clad geometric formation and process parameters in laser induction hybrid cladding

[en] This paper describes the mechanical properties, biological properties, permeability and strength and corrosion resistance of the metal porous materials. The current applications of the metal porous materials in the fields of energy and environmental protection, chemical industry, and the biomedical material are introduced in details. In the field of energy and environment, we'll be focusing on automobile exhaust purification technology, clean coal technology, surface combustion technology. In the field of chemical industry, we introduce the metal porous materials as catalyst and catalyst carrier, as the electrode substrate materials, etc. And in the biomedical field, the porous titanium, magnesium, porous skeleton tantalum used in human skeleton construction development are emphatically summarized.

[en] Cancer survival has improved dramatically, but this has also increased the delayed side effects of multimodality therapy. Radiation (RT) to the thoracic malignancies results in unintentional irradiation of the cardiac chambers. RT-induced microvascular ischemia leads to disruption of capillary endothelial framework, and injury to differentiated myocytes results in deposition of collagen and fibrosis. Radiotherapy not only causes heart damage, but also accelerates the occurrence of major coronary events in patients with metabolic syndrome and atherosclerosis. Hence, it becomes pertinent to understand the underlying pathophysiology and clinical manifestations of RT-induced cardiovascular disease to devise optimal preventive and surveillance strategies. (author)

[en] Graphical abstract: Zeta potential of oil-wet quartz powder treated with different surfactants at different concentrations. - Highlights: • Mechanisms of wettability alteration during surfactant flooding were studied. • Different analytical instruments were used to study sandstone wettability alteration. • Surfactants’ structure plays a great role in wettability alteration of solid surface. • CTAB irreversibly desorbs carboxylic acid from solid surface by ionic interaction. • Cationic surfactant is more effective in wettability alteration of sandstone surface. - Abstract: Different analytical methods including Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), atomic force microscopy (AFM), zeta potential measurements, contact angle measurements and spontaneous imbibition tests were utilized to make clear the mechanism for wettability alteration of oil-wet sandstone surface using different surfactants. Results show that among three types of surfactants including cationic surfactants, anionic surfactants and nonionic surfactants, the cationic surfactant CTAB demonstrates the best effect on the wettability alteration of oil-wet sandstone surface. The positively charged head groups of CTAB molecules and carboxylic acid groups from crude oil could interact to form ion pairs, which could be desorbed from the solid surface and solubilized into the micelle formed by CTAB. Thus, the water-wetness of the solid surface is improved. Nonionic surfactant TX-100 could be adsorbed on oil-wet sandstone surface through hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interaction to alter the wettability of oil-wet solid surface. The wettability alteration of oil-wet sandstone surface using the anionic surfactant POE(1) is caused by hydrophobic interaction. Due to the electrostatic repulsion between the anionic surfactant and the negatively charged surface, POE(1) shows less effect on the wettability alteration of oil-wet sandstone surface

[en] With the development of lithium industry, the lithium grains and lithium rod, as additive or catalyzer, having a big comparatively acreage and a strong activated feature, have a broad application. The lithium grains and lithium rod belong to the kind of final machining materials. The principle of the lithium grains and lithium rod that how to take shape through the procedures of extrusion, cutting, anti-conglutination, threshing and so on are analysed, A sort of lithium grains and lithium rod automatic machine is developed. (authors)