[en] This paper presents the survey, design, development and installation Of micro hydel power generation using low head Kaplan water turbine. Electricity production from hydro power has been and still is today, the first renewable source used to generate electricity. The development of energy from renewable is very important step in reduction of carbon emissions(CO/sub 2/).

[en] Objective: To contemplate the occurrence of a rare mutation (BRAF V600E) in the patients having Hairy cell leukemia in our setting, which would serve asuseful analytic and diagnostic criteria. Study Design: Analytical cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Armed Forces Institute of Pathology Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Oct 2017 to Oct 2018. Methodology:A sample of 36 patients with a suspicion of Hairy cell leukemia were included in this investigation. Complete blood counts, bone marrow examination (trephine biopsy and aspiration), cyto-chemistry and staining of the patients suspected to have Hairy cell leukemia was performed. PCR was done for detection of BRAF V600E mutation. Results: 29 (80.5%) cases showed a positive BRAF mutational analysis and 7 (19.4%) cases showed a negative result. Conclusion:Almost all the cases of classic Hairy cell leukemia had BRAF V600 E mutation.Isolating this mutation can be used as a regular tool in detection of disease and monitoring disease progression and relapse. (author)

[en] Eleven local rice cultivars including Basmati 370 were evaluated for seedling vigor. Three groups of traits were evaluated viz; seed traits (Seed density, seed volume see weight, paddy length and grain length), seed emergence traits (emergence %, emergence index and emergence rate index), and seedling traits (fresh root length, dry root weight, emergence percentage, root length, dry root weight, seed weight and relative root weight were observed significant, respectively. Seed density, relative root weight, emergence rate index and root to shoot ratio were relatively more amenable to improvement. Relative expected genetic advance was the function of heritability and coefficient of phenotypic variability, latter being more important. (author)

[en] Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) is grown in semi-arid regions worldwide as a forage, vegetable, and green manure crop. An experiment was conducted to evaluate growth, forage yield and nutritional quality of guar genotypes grown under different sowing dates. To this end, seven genotypes, viz., Desi Punjab, Farmi Punjab, Desi Sindh, Farmi Sindh, BR-90, BR-2017 and Baluchistan were grown at three sowing times (mid-May, late-May and early-June) during the two years 2020 and 2021. Results showed that maximum leaf area and pods per plant were recorded in genotype Farmi Punjab, while maximum fresh and dry forage yield were archived in genotype ‘BR-90’. Similarly, maximum crude protein in the forage and gum content in mature seeds, were also recorded in BR-90. In addition, mid-May was proved to be the best sowing time for guar genotypes studied in view of achieving maximum morphological traits, fresh and dry forage yield and forage quality, compared to later planting times. Moreover, late sowing caused reduction in yield and other related attributes. It is perceived that synthetic guar variety BR-90 and planting time at mid-May are the best for semi-arid region of Punjab, Pakistan. (author)

[en] Fabrics undergo many wear and tear conditions through their lifetime. Abrasion occurs with the rubbing of fibers to another surface during their manufacturing process, usage, and laundering procedure. It is necessary to evaluate upholstery fabrics for their abrasive strength before presenting it to the customers for their satisfaction. Abrasion causes mechanical deterioration of fibers and yarns in a fabric. This study was aimed at determining the abrasive strength of collected upholstery fabric from local markets after various number of washing intervals through Martindale abrasion tester. The results depicted that fabric made with polyester and cotton having a blend ration of (87% and 13%) manufactured by following plain interlacing pattern was better able to resist rubbing action as compared to other samples. (author)

[en] Mastitis is one of the most significant problems to the dairy all over the world. In addition to production losses, mastitis also deteriorates the chemical, and physical properties of milk which ultimately leads to poor shelf life of processed milk. The present study was designed to evaluate a non-proprietary, non-antibiotic preparation containing trisodium citrate, Vitamin C, Zinc sulphate and Copper sulphate in treating sub-clinical mastitis in dairy cows. For this purpose, cows suffering from subclinical mastitis (n=40) were selected and randomly divided into two groups. The animals of group A (n=20) were treated orally with a combination of tri-sodium citrate (40 gm), vitamin C (10 g), zinc sulphate (3 g) and copper sulphate (1 g) for 7 days. Group B was treated with standard mastitis therapy (Tylosin at a dose rate of 10 mg/kg for three days intramuscular and amoxicillin + clavulanic acid at 600 mg intramammary infusion daily for five days). The efficacy of the treatment was evaluated through surf field mastitis test (SFMT) scores and microbiological examination. The findings of the study revealed that administration of oral non-antibiotic formulation resulted in a better quarter based SFMT cure rate. The values observed for SFMT based cure rates in sub-clinically mastitic cows at the termination of study were 90.90% and 88.46% for groups A and B, respectively. The observed bacteriological cure rate for group A (tri-sodium citrate, vit. C, ZnSO/sub 4/ and CuSO/sub 4/) was 72.73%, and 69.23% for group B (antibiotic). The findings of the current study showed that the use of a combination therapy of nonantibiotic chemicals has potential impact on treating sub-clinical mastitis in dairy animals. (author)

[en] In the present study, a total of 600 cattle and buffalo were selected from three different topographical locations of Punjab on the basis of clinical biomarkers. Blood and mosquito samples were collected. Blood samples were processed through complement fixation test and RT-PCR, while mosquito samples were processed through RT-PCR. Overall prevalence of bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) in indigenous breeds of bovine was 63.33%, lower, than exotic breeds 64.66% which were found to be more prone to disease. In the case of buffalo breeds, prevalence was more in Nili Ravi buffalo, i.e. 36.6% than Kundi breed, i.e. 33.3%. Prevalence of disease was found maximum in humid and plain area of Lahore, i.e. 56%. In dry, dusty and hot weather of Multan overall the prevalence of disease was 55.5%, while in Rajanpur topography of the land is mixed comprising of riverine, plateau, mountainous and semi-hilly areas showed 52.2% prevalence. When immunity status was taken into account it was found that vaccinated animals showed very low prevalence, i.e. 4.39% as compared to non-vaccinated animals having 66.53%. Another risk factor age suggested that younger animals were more affected (60.17%) as compared to older ones (29.41%). It was also observed that animals in closed housing system were more affected as compared to open housed animals. When comparative efficacy of diagnostic tests was done then the results of RT-PCR was found significant (P>5), than complement fixation test. (author)

[en] The aim of this study was to assess the effects of diarrhea on hematocrit and various serum biochemical parameters (serum electrolytes, trace and ultra-trace elements) in foals. A total of 105 diarrheic foals (n = 35 horse foals, n = 35 donkey foals, and n = 35 mule foals) were selected regardless of their etiologies. Additionally, 12 healthy foals (n = 4 horse foals, n = 4 donkey foals, and n = 4 mule foals) as control animals were selected for this study. Packed cell volume (PCV) and serum electrolytes, trace and ultratrace elements were measured in both groups (diarrheic and healthy). The results showed significant (p< 0.05) increase of PCV% in diarrheic foals of all species. The sodium, calcium, copper, iron and lithium concentrations significantly (p < 0.05) decreased while the potassium concentration significantly (p < 0.05) increased in diarrheic foals. Hence, this can be concluded that diarrhea in foals have significant correlation with PCV, serum electrolytes, and trace and ultra-trace elements. (author)

[en] A study was conducted in order to determine the comparative efficacy of Triclabendazole, Oxyclozanide and Nitroxynil against Fasciola sp. infestated bovines (cattle and buffaloes) and their effect on various blood parameters (WBC, RBC, Hb, HCT and MCHC). For this purpose, 40 infected animals were selected. After dividing them randomly in four groups of 10 animals each, drug was administered to first three groups whereas last one was kept under positive control for comparison. Study revealed that Triclabendazole was most effective drug of all three in both cattle and buffaloes with efficacy of 97.92% and 100%, respectively; Oxyclozanide was 2nd most effective with efficacy of 96.87% and 97.05% % whereas Nitroxynil remained at last with efficacy of 93.47% and 92.15% at 21st day post-medication. A slight increase of egg counts was observed in positive control groups of both animal categories. Blood parameters of healthy and Fasciola infected animals (cattle's and buffaloes) were compared; specifically, Mean+-S.E.M value of WBCs (white blood cells) in infected animals had increased compared to healthy animals. At the same time, significant decrease was observed in RBCs (red blood cells), Hb (haemoglobin), and HCT (hematocrit) in Fasciola infected animals compared to health animals but no significant difference was observed in MCHC (meancorpuscular hemoglobin concentration) quantity within both animal categories. (author)

[en] At present, bio diesel is gaining tremendous attention due to its eco-friendly nature and is possible substitute for diesel fuel. Bio diesel as renewable energy source can be produced from edible and non-edible feedstock. Non-edible resources are preferred to circumvent for food competition. In the present study FAME was produced from Ricinus communis L. oil by transesterification with methanol and ethanol in the presence of potassium hydroxide. The practical optimal condition for the production of bio diesel from castor bean was found to be: methanol/oil molar ratio, 6:1; temperature, 60 C; time, 45 min; catalyst concentration 0.32 g. Quality assessment of bio diesel showed comparable results with ASTM standards. The values of specific gravity (SG) were 0.5, kinematic viscosity 2.45 cSt, acid values 0.13 mg KOH/g, carbon residue 0.03%, flash point 119 C, fire point 125 C, cloud point 10 C and pour point 20 C of Ricinus FAME, respectively. Based on our data, it is suggested that to overcome prevailing energy crisis this non-edible plant is useful for production of bio diesel, which is an alternate to fossil fuel and may be used alone or in blend with HSD in engine combustion