[en] According to Korean Atomic Energy Act, national inspection is being performed independently at the same time as the IAEA inspection. As national inspection system settled down, both Korea and the IAEA were looking for possible ways of cooperation for more efficient and effective safeguards implementation. As a first step, enhanced cooperation on LWRs, based on remote monitoring technology and state's system utilization, was introduced and an MOD for implementation was signed between Korea and IAEA on October 17, 2001. From January 2002, this new scheme is being implemented at all LWRs in Korea. This new scheme is considered as a new type of NPA (New Partnership Approach) being applied to a single state. A basic element of this approach is the sharing of inspection activities between the Korea and IAEA while both parties maintain independent conclusion capabilities. In 2002, 104 times of inspections were performed for 16 LWRs. Among those, IAEA inspector should participate the FFVs, PIVs, post- PIVs and follow-up inspections, which was 53 times in 2002. Other 51 times of inspections were subjected to random selection (unannounced inspection) by the IAEA. IAEA inspectors participated 20 times only. National inspectors carried out inspections by themselves for other 31 times, then sent inspection reports to the IAEA. It is expected that the IAEA's on-site inspection would be more reduced in 2003 as gaining the experience of implementing LWR enhanced cooperation scheme

[en] According to Korean Atomic Energy Act, national inspection is being performed independently at the same time as the IAEA inspection. As national inspection system settled down, both Korea and the IAEA were looking for possible ways of cooperation for more efficient and effective safeguards implementation. As a first step, enhanced cooperation on LWRs, based on remote monitoring technology and state's system utilization, was introduced and an MOU for implementation was signed between Korea and IAEA on October 17, 2001. From January 2002, this new scheme is being implemented at all LWRs in Korea. This new scheme is considered as a new type of NPA (New Partnership Approach) being applied to a single state. A basic element of this approach is the sharing of inspection activities between the Korea and IAEA while both parties maintain independent conclusion capabilities. In 2003, 97 times of inspections were performed for 15 LWRs. Among those, IAEA inspector should participate the FFVs, PIVs, post-PIVs and follow-up inspections, which was 40 times in 2003. Other 57 times of inspections were subjected to random selection (unannounced inspection) by the IAEA. IAEA inspectors participated 17 times only. National inspectors carried out inspections by themselves for other 40 times, then sent inspection reports to the IAEA. The average inspection numbers at LWRs was 6.5 times for national safeguards inspection and 3.8 times for IAEA. In 2002, where LWR Enhanced Cooperation was applies for the first time, those number were 7.4 for ROK and 5.2 for IAEA. In 2001 those numbers were 9.2 for both ROK and IAEA. Following the successful implementation of LWR case, from now on Korea-IAEA enhanced cooperation should be consider in CANDU reactors, fuel fabrication plants, research facilities and so forth to expect such a benefit

[en] Due to the unique character of the CANDU reactor, a transfer campaign has been carried out every year for 2 months or so in Wolsong unit 1. It is expected to require performance of the transfer campaign for 4 units of Wolsong site in 2006 and more than 50% of the ROK safeguards inspection efforts. The IAEA and TCNC have gained several years of experience in safeguards approach during transfer campaign. Occasionally the deterrence and interference of operator transfer work have been occurred in order to attain safeguards inspection goal. These could be minimized using optimum C/S applications, NDA and RDT techniques. This paper shows the interrelationship and combinations of these resources and proposes new safeguards approach to maintain the continuity of knowledge from fuel loading in the spent fuel pond to the point of canister loading and closure during transfer campaign

[en] A Zone Approach was approved by DDG-SG of IAEA, with the intent of reducing the need for verifying inventory changes between zone facilities, and to provide assurance against borrowing within the zone. There are the low enriched uranium zone (LEU zone) including LWR fuel fabrication plant (KO1R) and LWRs, and the natural uranium zone (NU zone) including CANDU fuel fabrication plant (KO2R) and CANDUs in Korea. It was appeared that three interim inspections in KO1R and one interim inspection in KO2R were omitted a year through the LEU and NU Zone Approach, and ten times of fresh fuel receipt verifications at LWRs were decreased in 2003 by running the LWR Fresh Fuel Tracking System. Korea and IAEA agreed to perform the simultaneous PIV in NU zone in 2004 and so all fresh fuel verifications during the interim inspection in CANDUs are not taking place. It is expected that simultaneous PIV under NU zone makes the IAEA to reduce the inspection efforts for CANDUs and to get the better inspection schedule in Korea. Also, it is a good chance for Korea to raise the nuclear transparency

[en] Fifteen scalp masses consisting of five benign and ten malignant tumors were studied with ultrasound to evaluate its diagnostic role in scalp masses. Benign mass showed homogeneous echo pattern with smooth margin, Hand-Schuller-Christian disease(n=1) demonstrated solid mass in the diploic space eroding the outer table. The most of malignant tumors(9 of 10 cases) showed irregular margin, inhomogeneous echotexture, bone destruction, and intracranial extension. Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans(n=1) revaled well defined hypoechoic solid mass with internal linear echoes. Ultrasonography considered as an initial noninvasive imaging modality for the evaluation of scalp masses

[en] Superstructure reflections of lead magnesium niobate (PMN), Pb(Mg_1/3Nb_2/3)O₃, were measured with synchrotron radiation x-ray diffraction. Our data conclusively demonstrate that the (h+(1/2),k+(1/2),l+(1/2))-type reflections are the result of chemical ordering between the Mg and Nb ions in domains of 50 Aa. Structure factor analysis of these peaks reveals an oxygen displacement within the ordered regions of 0.044(3) Aa along a <100> direction towards the Nb ion. Single crystals of La-doped PMN (La-PMN) exhibit much larger chemically ordered regions (up to 900 Aa for 10% La-PMN). Structural analysis of the La-PMN suggests that as the ordered region increases in size, the ordering changes from complete Nb:Mg ordering and approaches Nb:(Mg_2/3Nb_1/3) ordering. Although anticipated from electrostatic energy arguments, our conclusions are based on a clear trend in the bond length of the mixed site as a function of La doping. (c) 2000 American Institute of Physics