[en] Motivations gained from this paper are: (1) Suppress electron emission from high rf surface field components, e.g., SPEAR storage ring cavity tuners (1973), (2) Find a coating for superconducting Nb oxidation prevention (1980), (3) Develop a simple method for TiN-coating of LER Al alloy beam chambers (1998), and (4) Measure yields as a function of primary electron incidence angle, for simulating of the electron cloud effect (1999). Conclusions drawn from data: (1) Most electron-generated secondaries will have low energy (∼4 eV) and <1 yield, (2) TiN is effective at reducing the yield of Al, (3) Electron removal (conditioning) of H₂O and HCs works (but probably leaves carbon in technical vacuum), and (4) The yield increase with primary electron beam angle is about that expected

[en] Information about the spin structure of a surface is contained in diffracted LEED intensities via spin-orbit scattering or, in the case of ferromagnets, exchange scattering. Such information, for example, can be exploited for determination of surface magnetic structure or for profiling surface barrier potentials. The influence of spin scattering on the measured LEED intensities can be enhanced by polarizing the incident electron beam. In the spin-polarized LEED system described here, the electron source is zero-electron-affinity GaAs + Cs-O-Cs, illuminated by circularly polarized light. After passage through a 90⁰ electrostatic deflector to convert the photoemitted electrons from longitudinal to transverse polarization, the beam passes a constant magnification lens before striking the sample at energies from 10-200 eV. Diffracted intensities are measured by a minicomputer-controlled Faraday cup. Data reduction, storage, and display occur via dedicated link between the minicomputer and an IBM 370. A synchronous method for measuring the scattered polarization and preliminary results are discussed

[en] An ultra-high vacuum loadlock system capable of operating at high voltage has been added to the SLC Polarized Electron Gun. The unit incorporates facilities for heat cleaning, activating and measuring the quantum efficiency of photocathodes. A tray of up to four photocathodes can be exchanged without bringing the activation unit or gun up to atmosphere. Low voltage quantum efficiencies of 20% have been obtained for bulk GaAs at 633 nm and 6% for a 0.3 micron GaAs layer at 755 nm. Results for other cathodes as well as operational characteristics are discussed

[en] During design and construction of the SLAC polarized LEED (PLEED) system, a search was made for a dependable gear, bearing, and lubrication system for the computer-controlled Faraday cup used to measure diffracted beams. Components must be nonmagnetic, bakeable to 250⁰C, and at room temperature must operate at pressures in the 10^-9 to 10^-10 Pa range. A test system was constructed which incorporated a meshed pair of dissimilar pitch diameter spur gears, one of which was confined to (by bushings) and rotated on a fixed shaft, while the other gear was driven by a commercial rotary motion feedthrough which was rotated by a servo motor driven in sine fashion with a direction reversal every six turns and peak speeds of 50 rpm. The criterion for a successful pair was approx. 10⁵ turns, the life rating for the feedthrough. Pairs had actual turn counts from less than 1 to 91,000. Materials for gears included stainless steel, beryllium copper, and aluminum alloys. Lubricants used singly and in concert were MoS₂, WS₂, Ag, hard chrome, and a MoS₂-graphite-sodium silicate mixture. The successful gear pair was Ag-plated Al alloy and MoS₂-graphite-sodium silicate-coated Be-Cu. Subsequent performance in the PLEED system after repeated bakeouts will also be discussed

[en] During four years of on line operation of the SLAC polarized electron gun (PEGGY) and polarized LEED (PLEED) system, we have observed and characterized the failure modes of the GaAs (100) photocathodes (PC's) used in these systems. Several modes are observed. Gradual decreases in electron polarization and intensity are attributed to the physisorption of CO₂ on the PC's during running at LN₂ temperatures. Such PC's can be rejuvenated by warming to 90K, i.e., above the CO₂ desorption temperature. These PC's recover 90% of their original intensity. A second well-characterized failure mode results from overheating the PC during in-situ heat cleaning prior to activation. In this mode, As is preferentially evaporated from the GaAs, leaving a Ga₂O₃ layer on the surface. This effect has been studied by AES sputter profiling which indicates that the substantial thickness of the oxide layer blocks photoemission. These PC's may only be recovered by chemically removing the oxide layer. A third mode which is not as well characterized appears for thin Ga oxide layers. Properties of these PC's include reduced emission and the presence of a cutoff bias level. Such PC's are also not recoverable in-situ

[en] The higher energies planned for the next generation of particle accelerators and storage rings makes the use of superconducting hi-Q RF cavities highly desirable. Past efforts to produce reliable cavities for such projects have met with limited success. Among the barriers to achieving the maximum electric field gradient are oxide layer charging, single surface multipactoring and field emission. These are suface effects. At SLAC, a multi-technique surface analysis system has been constructed to examine possible sources of these problems and to suggest processes or surface coatings which will reduce or eliminate them. As one component of this analysis, we have investigated the time evolution of species on anodized Nb₂O₅-on-Nb surfaces as a function of electron bombardment. The surface concentration of C increases at an anomalously high rate under the exciting electron beam. Examination of the surface and gas phase indicate that the C source is in the underlying material. Estimates of the penetration depth of the beam are in agreement with the fact that there is a significant rate increase in the surface C buildup when the beam penetrates the anodized layer into the Nb bulk. Bulk analytical methods indicate, however, that the C concentration in the Nb is very low. Grain boundary diffusion of C to the surface and/or an enhancement of the C diffusion coefficient due to localized beam pipe heating are examined as possible explanations of this effect

[en] The absorbed electron current for a clean Fe(100) surface as a function of energy rises step-like at the vacuum-energy cutoff with an absorption close to 1. The smooth decrease of absorbed current at higher electron energy due to secondary electron emission is superimposed by a considerable amount of fine structure, the amplitude of which decreases with increasing energy. These features are found in good agreement with the results of a calculation of the elastic part of the electron reflection coefficient. Further, they are compared with the ferromagnetic electronic bulk bandstructure calculated above the vacuum energy. From the comparison with the experimental data, the energy dependence of the real and imaginary parts of the inner potential is determined

[en] Improving and maintaining the quantum efficiency (QE) of a metal photocathode in an s-band RF gun requires a process for cleaning the surface. In this type of gun, the cathode is typically installed and the system is vacuum baked to ∼200 degrees C. If the QE is too low, the cathode is usually cleaned with the UV-drive laser. While laser cleaning does increase the cathode QE, it requires fluences close to the damage threshold and rastering the small diameter beam, both of which can produce nonuniform electron emission and potentially damage the cathode. This paper investigates the efficacy of a low energy hydrogen ion beam to produce high-QE metal cathodes. Measurements of the QE vs. wavelength, surface contaminants using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and surface roughness were performed on a copper sample, and the results showed a significant increase in QE after cleaning with a 1keV hydrogen ion beam. The H-ion beam cleaned an area approximately 1cm in diameter and had no effect on the surface roughness while significantly increasing the QE. These results and a comparison with theory as well as a scheme for installing an H-ion cleaner on an s-band gun are presented

[en] Metal photocathodes are commonly used in high-field RF guns because they are robust, straightforward to implement and tolerate relatively poor vacuum compared to semi-conductor cathodes. However these cathodes have low quantum efficiency (QE) even at UV wavelengths, and still require some form of cleaning after installation in the gun. A commonly used process for improving the QE is laser cleaning. In this technique the UV drive laser is focused to a small diameter close to the metal's damage threshold and then moved across the surface to remove contaminants. This method does improve the QE, but can produce non-uniform emission and potentially damage the cathode. Ideally an alternative process which produces an atomically clean, but unaltered surface is needed. In this paper we explore using a hydrogen ion (H-ion) beam to clean a copper cathode. We describe QE measurements over the wavelength range of interest as a function of integrated exposure to an H-ion beam. We also describe the data analysis to obtain the work function and derive a formula of the QE for metal cathodes. Our measured work function for the cleaned sample is in good agreement with published values, and the theoretical QE as a function of photon wavelength is in excellent agreement with the cleaned copper experimental results. Finally, we propose an in-situ installation of an H-ion gun compatible with existing s-band RF guns

[en] The PEP-II B-Factory at SLAC operates with aluminum alloy and copper vacuum chambers, having design positron and electron beam currents of 2 and 1 A, respectively. Titanium nitride coating of the aluminum vacuum chamber in the arcs of the positron ring is needed in order to reduce undesirable electron-cloud effects. The total secondary electron emission yield of TiN-coated aluminum alloy has been measured after samples of beam chamber material were exposed to air and again after electron-beam bombardment, as a function of incident electron beam angle and energy. The results may be used to simulate and better understand electron-cloud effects under actual operating conditions. We also present yield measurements for other accelerator materials because new surface effects are expected to arise as beam currents increase. Copper, in particular, is growing in popularity for its good thermal conductivity and self-radiation-shielding properties. The effect of electron bombardment, 'conditioning', on the yield of TiN and copper is shown