[en] Following a short survey on the causes of reactor breakdowns including leakage of the primary and secondary circuits, electric breakdown, failure of mechanic devices and human factors, the main functions of the control and safety systems of the reactor are discussed, and emergency systems are classified. Finally, the construction and operation principles of the systems such as high and low pressure breakdown cooling systems, hydroaccumulators, sprinkler systems and bubbling condensators are dealt with. (V.N.)

[en] The auxiliary system for the primary loop includes supplementary water feeders, water purification units, coolant circulation equipment, waste handling and ventillation equipment. Several other technological subsystems including units for plume and condensate handling, for compressed air and nitrogen supply and others are regarded as a second group of auxiliary and supplementary equipment for the primary cooling system of a WWER-440 type reactor. In addition to their technical description, also the material flow diagrams and some of their operational characteristics are presented. (V.N.)

No abstract available

[en] Among the different types of food irradiation techniques using ionizing radiations the methods serving - in a direct or indirect way - the purposes of health protection are reviewed. Based on foreign and Hungarian examples radurization of vegetables (potatoes, onions, garlics) by low irradiation doses, radiosterilization of corn, tropic and subtropic fruits, radicidation of dry additivies (spice, medicinal herb) and foodstuffs of animal origin (meat, poultry, egg, fish, shrimp, etc.) are discussed. The general situation of food irradiation in Hungary inlcuding licensing procedures is evaluated. (V.N.) 32 refs.; 3 figs

[en] After a short overview of reactor simulators and operation simulation, the unit simulator of PNPP is presented. The need for the simulator and the circumstances of its establishment is followed by the description of the realized PNPP 440 MW unit simulator. The function and services, the simulated outages, the simulation ranges, the regimes simulated, and the fidelity of simulation are shown. Finally, education and training programs by the simulator are outlined for reactor personnel. (R.P.)

[en] The sterilization by fumigation with ethylene oxide and propylene oxide of ground paprika and spice mixtures used in preserves and meat industry was compared with the radappertization of the same spices. The number of germs including that of spores and moulds was determined. It can be established that irradiation with ionizing radiation (5 kGy) has the same effect on the reduction of the number of germs as sterilization by ethylene oxide. In addition, the side effects of sterilization can be avoided. (V.N.)

[en] Direct methods to produce labelled compounds based on the in-situ chemical reaction of recoil particles including the preparation of labelled compounds of ¹¹C, ¹⁸F, ¹³N and ¹²³I are discussed. The substitution reactions of recoil halogen atoms with aliphatic halogen derivatives, mono- and disubstituted benzenes were studied, chemical yields of ³⁸Cl labelled compounds were determined. Organic compounds of ²¹¹At, potential radiopharmaceuticals in the therapy of tumours were prepared and investigated. (V.N.) 62 refs.; 4 figs

[en] Regulations to reduce air pollution give more and more strict limits for the emission. Electrostatic precipitators (ESP-s) operating with traditional DC supply voltage are often not able to fulfil the requirements, therefore lot of them needs upgrading. The DC power supply is substituted by pulse energization to obtain energy saving and better efficiency of precipitation. To provide safe, reliable and efficient operation of the upgraded ESP, several problems have to be solved. One of them is the prediction of time of safe operation of the cables and insulations. Authors applied different diagnostic methods for this purpose. Another important problem is the prediction of precipitation performance. For this purpose authors developed a numerical model of modular structure. Separate modules calculate the velocity field of the gas, the charging of particles, the back corona and dust reentrainment. By the help of the model a detailed analysis of different supply modes can be made, to obtain the best possible operation of a given electrostatic precipitator applying a certain supply mode.

[en] Non-destructive analytical methods based on interactions of nuclear radiation with matter are overviewed in this chapter of the textbook. The three major categories discussed are Moessbauer spectroscopy based on the nuclear resonance absorption of gamma radiation, positronium chemistry developed from the study of the interaction of positive beta radiation with matter, and the chemistry of muonium and muonic atoms connected with the interaction of mesons with matter. (R.P.)

[en] This textbook contains a review of nuclear analytical techniques for chemists entering the field. Its chapters are: Basic properties of the atomic nucleus, Nuclear reactions, Radioactive decay, Interaction of nuclear radiation with matter, Investigation methods of chemical structure based on the interaction of nuclear radiation with matter, Radioactive tracing, The chemistry of ultra-low concentrations, Hot atom chemistry, Radiation chemistry, Isotope effects, Isotope enrichment, Nuclear reactors. The individual chapters are indexed separately for the INIS database. (R.P.)